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Reproduction and Heredity in Evolution

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Explore various methods of reproduction, including asexual and sexual processes, from unicellular organisms to complex multicellular organisms. Learn about genetic continuity and variability in species.

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Reproduction and Heredity in Evolution

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  1. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY Výukový materiál GE 02 - 43 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014

  2. during the evolution of species – various ways of reproduction • 2 general types: • asexual and sexual • asexual: • evolutionary older, more primitive • sexual: • more perfect • typical for complex multicellular organisms REPRODUCTION

  3. by unicellular organisms • by plants (non-vascular plants) • also lower animals • A new individual develops: • => from a separated part of parents´ organism • => from body cells ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  4. genetic point of view: • organism is a direct continuance of its parent • completely identical with the parent • a set of identical individuals = a clone • it is advantageous for species adapted to non changeable environment ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  5. the most common ways of asexual reproduction: • cell division and germination > yeast • reproduction by spores > fungi • vegetative organs > plants (sprouts, rootstocks, tubers, bulbs…) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  6. asexual reproduction relates to the regeneration – substitution of lost tissue • the base of chipping in agriculture and plant breeding • a complete parallel to chipping is physiparia by animals (cnidarians, earthworms) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  7. Special sexual organs • Sexual cells = gametes • By the Fusion of two gametes develops a zygote • zygote divides mitotically and grows • the embryo develops • The embryo (new individual) grows SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  8. gametes develop from body cells into sexual cells • male and female individuals differ in shape and function sexual signs • male gametes of higher plants: generative nucleus • nucleus of pollen tubes • female gametes of higher plants: egg cells SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  9. male gametes of animals: sperms • female gametes of animals: eggs SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  10. developing individual is provided by a complex of genes • the individual is not equal with any of his/her parents • genes are a combination of 50 % genes from father and 50 % genes from mother • it ensures the variability of individuals in the species • significantly more advantageous than sexual reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  11. LEARN TO DESCRIBE THE PICTURES

  12. DESCRIBE THE PICTURES

  13. ŠMARDA, Jan. Genetika: pro gymnázia. 1. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, 2003, 143 s. ISBN 80-716-8851-7. • CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978-807-1822-820 SOURCES

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