New Empires in the Americas

1. New Empires in the Americas

2. The Conquistadores were Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas. • Hernan Cortes was sent to present-day Mexico in 1519 • Cortes wanted to find a king named Moctezuma II

3. Aztec Empire • Ruled by Moctezuma II, included several million people and had a rich civilization • Cortes received help from an American Indian woman, Malintzin, who interpreted and advised the Spaniards about the Aztecs • Moctezuma sent Cortes gifts to keep him away from the capital Tenochtitlan. • Cortes held Moctezuma prisoner • Moctezuma was wounded in battle and died • Spain conquered Tenochtitlan • In addition, thousands of Aztecs died from diseases such as smallpox

4. The Incas • Juan Ponce de Leon reached the land he called Florida in 1513, he tried to form a settlement, but it failed • Panfila de Narvaez led a Florida expedition in 1528, many of the crew built rafts to sail across the Gulf of Mexico • The survivors, including Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, reached the Texas coast • Cabeza de Vaca lived with various American Indian groups for eight years, until meeting Spanish soldiers in 1536

5. The Quest for Gold • De Soto sought gold in North America, starting in Florida. He was the first European to cross the Mississippi River. • He treated American Indian groups badly • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado entered New Mexico in 1540 to search for cities of gold. • Expedition reached present-day Kansas but returned to Mexico in 1542 without treasure. • Juan Rodriguez cabrillo sailed along the California coast in 1542-1543.

6. Spanish Empire • The council made laws and appointed two viceroys • The viceroyalty of Peru included most of South America • The viceroyalty of New Spain included Central America, Mexico, and the southern part of what is now the United States. • Officials in Spanish America were very independent • Gold and silver from American colonies made Spain wealthy.

7. Ruling New Spain • Pueblos served a trading posts and sometimes as centers of government. • Priests started missions to convert American Indians to Catholicism. • Presidio, or military forts, protected towns and missions. • The Catholic Church played a major role in ruling New Spain.

8. Labor in Spain • Encomienda system gave Spanish settlers the right to tax local American Indians or to make them work. • Bartolome de Las Casas, who became a priest, condemned the system because it treated American Indians unjustly. • Plantations were large farms that grew only one crop • Large numbers of Indians dying of disease led Spaniards to use enslaved Africans as workers

9. Expanding into the Borderlands • The borderlands included northern Mexico, Florida, and parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. • Florida was settled in 1565 after discovery of a French town there • New Mexico was settled by Juan de Onate in 1598. • Led by Pope, the Pueblos revolted in 1680. • Spanish regained control in 1692. • The El Camino Real, or “Royal Road,” connected the scattered communities of New Spain

10. Colonial Society • Social Classes • Peninsulares- whites born in Spain • Criollos- whites born in Mexico • Mestizos –both Spanish and Indian parents • Women usually had fewer rights than men but could own property and pass it on to their children

11. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther, a Catholic priest in Germany, protested the policies of the Catholic Church • He began the Protestant Reformation • Luther and his followers became known as Protestants • The printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Reformation • In 1534, Henry VIII of England, founded the Anglican Church

12. Conflict between Spain and England • King Philip II started a Catholic Reformation against the Protestants, he sent troops to fight the Protestants in the Netherlands • Queen Elizabeth wanted peace between the Protestants and the Catholics • The English sea dogs began to raid the Spanish ships • Sir Francis Drake was the most famous of the sea dogs, he sailed around the world

13. The Spanish Armada • The sea dog attacks angered Philip • He assembled the Spanish Armada to invade England • Drake raided the armada’s supplies • England had fewer ships, but they had advantages in speed, mobility, and they had better cannons • England defeated the Armada in 1588 off the coast of England

14. The Decline of the Spanish Empire • Spain’s Golden Age • Artists such as El Greco • Great literature, including Don Quixote, a novel by Miguel Cervantes • Gold and silver from the Americas caused inflation • Spaniards chose to buy cheaper goods from foreign countries • Spain’s problems caused other countries to challenge it’s power overseas

15. The French • Spain destroyed French Huguenot colonies In Florida in the 1560’s Religious conflicts in Europe slowed French settlement Quebec was founded in 1608 The Great Lake settlements were valuable to France because of the fur trade Traders gave tools, jewelry, and cloth to American Indians in exchange for furs

16. French Empire • The French discovered the Mississippi River • Louis Jolliet and others traveled down part of the Mississippi in 1673 • La Salle followed the river to the Gulf of Mexico • France called its North American empire New France • They allied themselves with the Algonquian and Huron Indians

17. New Netherland and New Sweden • The Dutch claimed New Netherland from parts of what are now New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Delaware • Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island from American Indians and founded New Amsterdam in 1626 • The Dutch West India Company allowed other settlers to settle in New Netherland • They became known for their religious tolerance

18. New Sweden • Founded along the Delaware River • Conquered by New Netherland in 1655

19. English Settlements • Humphrey Gilbert received a charter to start a colony in 1578 • The effort failed and Gilbert died in 1583 • His half-brother, Walter Raleigh, tried to start Roanoke Island in 1585 • It was abandoned and discovered deserted in 1590, historians do not know what happened to the colony

20. A common name for the lands of Asia was the Indies Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke During the Reconquista, Spain fought to conquer North Africa Bartolomi de Las Casas worked against the encomienda system

21. After Vasco da Gama sailed, the Portuguese established trade with India, Africa, and China • Other Conquistadores after Cortez gathered an army of American Indians and defeated Tenochtitlan • The Cape of Good Hope was first rounded by the Portuguese

22. The Dutch were attracted by the possibility of trading with Indians for furs • Balboa discovery of the South Sea convinced Magellan to trust Columbus’s instinct • The conquistador who sough the Seven Cities of Cabola was Coronada • Circumnavigate-sail around the world

23. Charter- document granting permission to start a colony • Pueblos- towns in New Spain • Northwest Passage- route through North America that connected the Pacific and Atlantic • Caravel- small but sturdy ship • English

24. Sea dogs helped the English against the Spanish • An astrolabe allowed explorers to determine their position on the sea • Monopoly means exclusive control • Plantations were large farms • Why did King Phillip II assemble the Spanish Armada

25. When Magellan discovered a western trade route, Spain increased trade with Asia • Prince Henry paid for expeditions to the coast of Africa • Line of Demarcation gave lands to the West to Spain

26. How did the Treaty of Tordesillas affect these two nation? • Columbus believed you could get to the east by sailing west, King John did not • The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River region proved valuable to France because of the fur trade.