Colonial Empires in the Americas

1. Colonial Empires in the Americas 1492-1776

2. Empires of Spain • Empires of France • Colonies of Britain • Colonies of the Dutch Major Themes

3. Explain the early Spanish settlement of the Americas • Describe the colonial society in New France Empires of Spain

4. Hernan Cortez • Diego Velazquez • Cuba • Invasion • Yucatan Peninsula • Maliche (Dona Marina) • Tlaxcalan • Montezuma • Quetzacoatl • Tenochtitlan • Strategy • hostage • “nochetriste” • small pox Conquest of Mexico

5. Mexico City • Conquistadors • Pizarro • Incas • Atahualpa • Other Conquistadors • Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado • Hernando de Soto • Borderlands • New Mexico • presidios • mission houses • El Camino Real The Colony of New Spain

6. hidalgos • encomienda system • class structure society • peninsulares • criollos • mestizo • mullatos • Council of the Indies • food • haciendas • vaqueros Spanish American Society

7. Why were the Spanish successful in defeating the Aztecs? • Why did many Spanish conquistadors set out on expeditions to America? • How were social classes determined in the Spanish colonies in the Americas? Review Questions for Empires of Spain

8. King Francis I (1524) • Giovanni da Verrazano • Northwest Passage • Jacques Cartier • fur trade • Quebec • Samuel de Champlain • Coureurs de bois • Jesuit missionaries • New France • problems • solutions • Mississippi River • Louis Joliet& Jacques Marquette • Robert de La Salle • St. Augustine (1565) French Empire in America

9. Why were the Spanish successful in defeating the Aztecs? • Why did many Spanish conquistadors set out on expeditions to America? • How were social classes determined in the Spanish colonies in the Americas? • What was the main purpose for establishing the colony of New France? • Why did the French begin importing enslaved Africans to Louisiana in the early 1700’s? Review Questions

10. Explain the religious and economic reasons why England became interested in America. • Describe the founding of Jamestown and explain why it succeeded. British Colonies in America

11. John Cabot (1497) • Lack of colonization • financing • signs of wealth • Catholic claims • Protestant Reformation (1517) • Martin Luther • John Calvin • English Reformation • King Henry VIII • Anglican Church • Puritans • Enclosure Movement • transition from agriculture to trade (wool) • Surplus • joint stock companies Interest

12. Martin Frobisher • market for wool • Northwest Passage • Rivals • Military Bases • Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh 2. Lost Colony of Roanoke 3. Virginia The Return to America

13. Virginia Company • James River • Jamestown (1607) • Troubles • swamp • settlers • John Smith & Powhatan Confederacy • Incentives • land • tobacco (John Rolfe) • House of Burgesses • headrights • royal colony (1622) Jamestown

14. Lord Baltimore, George Calvert • refuge for Catholics • proprietary colony Maryland

15. What religious and economic changes led to England’s interest in establishing colonies in America? • Why did England come to the aid of the Dutch in the mid-1500’s? • Why was the settlement of Jamestown in trouble from its beginning? • Why did Lord Baltimore establish the colony of Maryland? Review Questions for English Colonization

16. Discuss why John Winthrop founded Massachusetts and describe the Puritan society established there. • Describe why New England settlers such as Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison let the Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritan New England

17. Separatists • Mayflower (1620) • Cape Cod • Plymouth Colony • William Bradford • Squanto • Thanksgiving Plymouth

18. Puritans • King Charles I • wool • John Winthrop • Massachusetts Bay Company 2. “City Upon A Hill” 3. Great Migration • Massachusetts Bay Colony • General Court • role of the church • heresy Puritan Massachusetts

19. Puritan intolerance • Roger Williams • “would not officiate to an 2. unseparated people” 3. view of Native Americans 4. Providence, Rhode Island • Anne Hutchison • banishment • Portsmouth • Connecticut • Rev. Thomas Hooker • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut • Pequot War • New Hampshire & Maine • Captain John Mason • Sir Fernando Gorges Other New England Colonies

20. peace after the Pequot War • Wampanoag trial • Metacomet • significance King Philip’s War

21. Why did the Pilgrims immigrate to America? • Why were many Puritans willing to leave England for America during the early 1600’s? • Why did the General Court in Massachusetts banish several of its colonists? • What disagreement did Thomas Hooker have with the Massachusetts government? • What event led to King Philip’s War? Review Questions

22. Discuss the ideas of William Penn and the Quakers. • Analyze the “holy experiment” in the colony of Pennsylvania. • Explain why the English colonies were successful in population and economics. Middle & Southern Colonies

23. King Charles I (1642) • Parliament • Oliver Cromwell “Lord Protector of England” • Colonial support • Virginia • Maryland • New England • Restoration (1660) English Civil War

24. Dutch East India Company • Henry Hudson • New Amsterdam • Colonial Availability • open policy • diversity • James, Duke of York • Colony of New Jersey • Sir George Carteret & Lord John Berkley • Incentives New Netherland

25. William Penn (1680) • petition for a grant of land • Quakers • Beliefs • “inner light” • Pacifism • “the Holy Experiment” • complete religious & political freedom • Treaty of Shackamaxon – Lenni Lenape • Philadelphia • Delaware Pennsylvania

26. eight other friends and allies • “Carolina” • sparse settlement • exporters of naval stores • South Carolina • Georgia Experiment • James Oglethorpe • home for debtors Southern Colonies

27. Why did Maryland’s leaders support the king instead of Parliament? • Why did people from many parts of Europe settle in New Netherland? • Why did William Penn establish the colony of Pennsylvania? • Why did North Carolina develop slowly as a colony? Review Questions