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Understanding Graphics Systems: From Architecture to Performance

This module explores the architecture of graphics systems, focusing on key components such as the CPU, memory, graphics cards, and their interactions through buses like PCI and AGP. Discussion includes screen resolution, pixel formats, frame buffers, and the impact of data transfer rates on performance. We analyze the evolution of graphics technology and the importance of dedicated graphics processors (GPUs) in modern computing. Practical examples and calculations illustrate concepts such as frame buffer size and graphics memory requirements.

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Understanding Graphics Systems: From Architecture to Performance

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  1. CSE 581: Module 2 - Hardware Raghu Machiraju Slides: Courtesy - Prof. Huamin Wang, CSE, OSU

  2. Architecture Keyboard and mouse Graphics card Power CPU Hard drive DVD ROM Memory

  3. Raster Graphics Systems Raster: Images are represented by an array of picture elements (pixels).

  4. Frame Buffer Screen resolution Refresh rate Pixel format 1 bit: black & white 8 bits: 256 levels of gray 32 bits: 16 million colors (true color)

  5. Size of Frame Buffer • For example, the screen is 1960×1080 with 24 bits per pixel, how big is the frame buffer? • Frame buffer may store other information, such as depth values. Number of pixels × Bits per pixel Screen resolution Pixel format 1960×1080×24=51M bits = 6M bytes

  6. A Prototype Graphics System CPU Memory Frame buffer in main memory? Frame buffer System bus (motherboard) Video controller

  7. An Early Graphics System CPU Memory System bus (motherboard) Graphics memory: on-board frame buffer for faster access Graphics memory Video controller Graphics card/video card/display card

  8. An Early Graphics System CPU Memory System bus (motherboard) A processor dedicated for graphics processing Graphics memory Video controller Graphics processor (GPU) Graphics card

  9. Companies Building Graphics Cards

  10. Comparison (Flops: Floating-point operations)

  11. Evaluation

  12. Graphics Pipeline: Software

  13. Graphics Pipeline: Hardware Geometry stage Rasterization stage

  14. Graphics Bus Interface: Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) CPU Memory System bus (motherboard) PCI bus 133MB/s Other peripherals: wireless card, sound card, … Graphics memory Video controller Graphics processor (GPU) Graphics card

  15. Problems with PCI • PCI bus becomes a bottleneck! • Shared with other devices. • Lots of data from main memory to graphics memory: textures, geometry… • Example: 2M triangles, 90 bytes each => 180 MB > 133 MB (PCI bandwidth)

  16. Graphics Bus Interface:Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) CPU Memory System bus (motherboard) PCI bus AGP bus AGP 1.1: 533 MB/s AGP 3.0: 2133 MB/s 132 MB/s Other peripherals: wireless card, sound card, … Graphics memory Video controller Graphics processor (GPU) Graphics card

  17. Features of AGP • No local bus congestion. • Faster data transfer (20 times faster than PCI). • More geometry can be transferred. • Direct execution of many operations from the man memory.

  18. Graphics Bus Interface: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI-e) CPU Memory System bus (motherboard) 3GB/s (Shared, parallel) PCI-e bus Other peripherals: wireless card, sound card, … Graphics memory Video controller Graphics processor (GPU) Graphics card

  19. Readings & Labs Textbook: Chapter 1 & 2

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