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Living Environment

Living Environment. Part D (Required Labs) Review. Beaks of Finches. 14 Species of Darwin’s finches Beaks vary in size and shape Bodies vary in size and shape. Beaks of Finches. Different beak sizes and shapes differ in their efficiency at performing particular tasks. Beaks of Finches.

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Living Environment

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  1. Living Environment Part D (Required Labs) Review

  2. Beaks of Finches • 14 Species of Darwin’s finches • Beaks vary in size and shape • Bodies vary in size and shape

  3. Beaks of Finches • Different beak sizes and shapes differ in their efficiency at performing particular tasks.

  4. Beaks of Finches • Why do offspring of better-adapted individuals inherit many of their parents’ favorable variations?

  5. Beaks of Finches • Why do offspring of better-adapted individuals inherit many of their parents’ favorable variations? • Favorable variations allow parents to survive and then reproduce more. Their offspring then may possess those variations.

  6. Beaks of Finches • What are the parts of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection?

  7. Beaks of Finches • What are the parts of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? • OVCSR • Only (Overproduction) • Vince (Variation) • Can (Competition) • Suck (Survival of the Fittest) • Rutabegas (Reproduction)

  8. Beaks of Finches • Variation means ______________. • Why do the finches of the Galapagos Islands show so much variation?

  9. Beaks of Finches • Variation means _differences___. • Why do the finches of the Galapagos Islands show so much variation? • Each finch species adapted to their different environments.

  10. Beaks of Finches • What did the tools represent?

  11. Beaks of Finches • What did the tools represent? • The different beak shapes.

  12. Beaks of Finches • What did the different seeds represent?

  13. Beaks of Finches • What did the different seeds represent? • The different types of food available on the island.

  14. Beaks of Finches • Why are the 4 trials completed and then averaged for each of the “feedings”?

  15. Beaks of Finches • Why are the 4 trials completed and then averaged for each of the “feedings”? • The data is more accurate when the trials are averaged.

  16. Beaks of Finches • All of the finches have similarities. Why is this the case?

  17. Beaks of Finches • All of the finches have similarities. Why is this the case? • All of the finches share a common ancestor.

  18. Relationships and Biodiversity • Botana curus (fictional plant for lab purposes) produces Curol. • This was supposedly used to ________________.

  19. Relationships and Biodiversity • Botana curus (fictional plant for lab purposes) produces Curol. • This was supposedly used to cure cancer.

  20. Relationships and Biodiversity The plants used in the lab, and what they were modeled after… maybe? This is the Pacific Yew. It contains “Taxol” – used to treat cancer. This is what was used in the lab, though.

  21. Relationships and Biodiversity • Why was it necessary to find an alternative to Botana Curus? • Story of Taxol

  22. Relationships and Biodiversity • Why was it necessary to find an alternative to Botana Curus? • In the lab, the plant was endangered and was in short supply. • (In reality, the Pacific Yew only produces one dose of drug per tree! Scientists wanted to find an alternative!) http://www.phcog.org/Taxus/Taxus_Web.html

  23. Relationships and Biodiversity • Chromatography: Sorts molecules based on ____

  24. Relationships and Biodiversity • Chromatography: Sorts molecules based on SIZE. The smaller molecules move faster up the paper. Larger ones move slower and stay toward the bottom of the paper.

  25. Relationships and Biodiversity • What is an indicator?

  26. Relationships and Biodiversity • What is an indicator? They are used to detect certain substances. In the lab, we used a white powder to test for “Enzyme M”.

  27. Relationships and Biodiversity • Gel Electrophoresis: • Used for: ___________________ The top indicates the DNA sources. This side indicates how many base pairs are in the DNA fragments.

  28. Relationships and Biodiversity • Gel Electrophoresis: • Used for: Comparing DNA samples The top indicates the DNA sources. This side indicates how many base pairs are in the DNA fragments.

  29. Relationships and Biodiversity • Gel Electrophoresis: The DNA fragments are sorted based on __________

  30. Relationships and Biodiversity • Gel Electrophoresis: The DNA fragments are sorted based on SIZE. An electrical current pulls the smaller fragments through the “gel” faster than the larger fragments.

  31. Relationships and Biodiversity • Gel Electrophoresis: The original samples of DNA are “cut” using RESTRICTION ENZYMES. In the lab, you simulated this by using scissors to cut paper DNA.

  32. Relationships and Biodiversity • mRNA codons code for __________ • Example: • DNA code: CGA • mRNA code: ________ • Amino acid chain: (on next page) • ______________, ______________, ___________________.

  33. Relationships and Biodiversity • What causes extinction and loss of biodiversity?

  34. Relationships and Biodiversity • What causes extinction and loss of biodiversity? • Change in environment • Disease • Human activities (pollution, deforestation) • Overuse of resources (competion)

  35. Relationships and Biodiversity • Loss of biodiversity may be a warning of what?

  36. Relationships and Biodiversity • Loss of biodiversity may be a warning of what? • Extinction • Unstable environment

  37. Relationships and Biodiversity • Benefits of biodiversity:

  38. Relationships and Biodiversity • Benefits of biodiversity: • More food sources for consumers • Less chance of extinction • Medicinal resources • More stable ecosystem

  39. Diffusion Through a Membrane • What causes the process of diffusion?

  40. Diffusion Through a Membrane • What causes the process of diffusion? The particles (molecules) move down a concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration. This happens because as molecules bump into each other, they are forced to spread out to where there aren’t as many molecules to bump into.

  41. Diffusion Through a Membrane • If certain molecules encounter membranes with pores, what can happen?

  42. Diffusion Through a Membrane • If certain molecules encounter membranes with pores, what can happen? If the molecules (particles) are small enough, they will pass through the pores in the membrane. If they are too big, they cannot pass through the pore. This is called SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY. Cell membranes are selectively permeable.

  43. Diffusion Through a Membrane • What was different between your model and a real cell?

  44. Diffusion Through a Membrane • What was different between your model and a real cell? Not living No organelles No proteins Cannot do active transport (only passive = diffusion) Living Has organelles Has proteins Does both active and passive transport BOTH: Have a selectively permeable membrane Can do passive transport

  45. Diffusion Through a Membrane • What indicators were used in the lab?

  46. Diffusion Through a Membrane • What indicators were used in the lab? BENEDICT’S SOLUTION (blue) tests for GLUCOSE. After heating, it turns orange if glucose is present. IODINE was used to test for the presence of STARCH. Color changes from amber to blue/black.

  47. Diffusion Through a Membrane • We used test tubes with just water and Benedict’s and another with just water and iodine. Why?

  48. Diffusion Through a Membrane • We used test tubes with just water and Benedict’s and another with just water and iodine. Why? These two test tubes served as negative controls. This showed us what a negative test would look like.

  49. Diffusion Through a Membrane • We also used test tubes with iodine and starch, and another with Bendict’s and glucose. Why?

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