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“WITHIN THE VEIL”: HEBREWS AND 1844

Félix H. Cortez Andrews University. “WITHIN THE VEIL”: HEBREWS AND 1844. HEBREWS AS A BATTLEGROUND ON THE SANCTUARY. CHALLENGERS AND DEFENDERS ON THE SANCTUARY. James White, Uriah Smith, John N. Andrews E. E. Andross, S. N. Haskell & F. C. Gilbert M. L. Andreasen

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“WITHIN THE VEIL”: HEBREWS AND 1844

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  1. Félix H. Cortez Andrews University “WITHIN THE VEIL”: HEBREWS AND 1844

  2. HEBREWS AS A BATTLEGROUND ON THE SANCTUARY

  3. CHALLENGERS AND DEFENDERS ON THE SANCTUARY • James White, Uriah Smith, John N. Andrews • E. E. Andross, S. N. Haskell &F. C. Gilbert • M. L. Andreasen • Daniel & Revelation Committee • B. F. Snook & William H. Brinkerkhoff • Dudley M. Canright, A. F. Ballenger &J. H. Kellogg • W. W. Fletcher &L. R. Conradi • Robert Brinsmead &Desmond Ford

  4. THE TEN BASIC DISPUTED ISSUES • The reality of the investigative judgment and its relationship to assurance of salvation • The reality of the heavenly sanctuary and its relation to the earthly • The defilement and cleansing of the sanctuary • The identity of the scapegoat • The historicist interpretation of apocalyptic prophecy and the year-day principle”The identity of the little horn of Daniel 8:9–13 • The interpretation of Daniel 8:14 • The entrance of Christ “within the veil” in Hebrews and the Day of Atonement • The sanctuary doctrine in the book of Revelation • The authority of Ellen White in doctrinal matters

  5. Hebrews provided our pioneers with the initial insights to resolve the dilemma of the 1844 disappointment. The Epistle pointed them not to the church or the earth as the sanctuary to be cleansed in the Christian era but to the heavenly sanctuary … Frank B. Holbrook, ed., Issues in the Book of Hebrews (DARCOM 4), xi.

  6. Strange as it may seem, the book that brought great joy to our pioneer has caused other Adventist to withdraw from the church. The charge is that Hebrews denies the Adventist belief that Christ mediates in a two-phased priestly ministry … with the latter ministry beginning in 1844 … Frank B. Holbrook, ed., Issues in the Book of Hebrews (DARCOM 4), xi.

  7. Ford asserted that he could not find an allusion to Daniel (p. 169) or any reference to a ministry in two phases of the resurrected Jesus (p. 163). Frank B. Holbrook, ed., Doctrine of the Sanctuary: A Historical Survey (DARCOM 5), 218.

  8. “(1) Does Hebrews explicitly teach Christ’s two-phased priestly ministry? (2) Does Hebrews deny Christ’s two-phased priestly ministry?” No to both questions. “To the Reader,” Issues in the Book of Hebrews (DARCOM Series 4; Silver Spring, Md.: Biblical Research Institute, 1989), xi.

  9. A better understanding of … UNDERSTANDING HEBREWS BETTER • … the wider argument • … the use of comparisons (synkrisis) • … references to the Day of Atonement • … the rhetorical location of the audience • … references to Daniel

  10. 1844 AND THE WIDER ARGUMENT

  11. Day of Atonement Analogy • “In Hebrews, the ritual of the Day of Atonement metaphorically describes Jesus’ work of salvation as a Day of Atonement ceremony performed in heaven (Heb 6-9). Jesus is the high priest of a heavenly sanctuary. He enters into the most holy place with his own blood to achieve eternal redemption for the people.” • Edgar V. McKnight and Christopher Church, Hebrews-James, Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary, ed. Mark K. McElroy (Macon, Ga.: Smyth & Helwys, 2004), 115.

  12. Day of Atonement Analogy Jesus Day of atonement • The passion and death of Jesus • Ascension to heaven • Jesus’ purification of believers • Jesus’ second coming • Immolation of the victim (Heb 9:13, 14) • Entrance of the high priest into the holy of holies (9:11-12) • Purification of the heavenly sanctuary (9:23) • Exit of the high priest from the holy of holies on the Day of Atonement (9:28)

  13. Hebrews is “[le] divine commentaire” of Lev 16. Emile Guers, quoted by F. Dunkel, “Expiation et Jour des Expiations dans L’épître aux Hebreux, ”RRef 33, no. 2 (1982): 63. … a “christological pesher on the cultic text of Leviticus (16:15).” Timo Eskola, Messiah and the Throne: Jewish MerkabahMysticism and Early Christian Exaltation Discourse (WUNT 142; Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 2001), 357.

  14. Day of Atonement Is not the Key to the Argument • “The key to this central section is not Yom Kippur itself, but the connection that the author makes between the cult and the new covenant.” • James Patrick Scullion, "A Traditio-Historical Study of the Day of Atonement" (Ph.D. diss., Catholic University of America, 1990), 252.

  15. THE NEW COVENANT RITUAL IS THE KEY • Jesus is the mediator of a new covenant (7:22; 8:6; 9:15) • His death is the “blood of the covenant” (10:29; 12:24; 13:20). • The sprinkling of Jesus’ blood in heaven is for the inauguration of the new covenant (10:19, 29; 12:24; 13:20; cf. 9:15-23). • The ritual for the ratification of the Mosaic covenant with blood provides the type to Jesus’ death and ascension (9:15-23)

  16. A Temptation Difficult to Escape • William R. G. Loader warned: the peculiarity of the Day of Atonement “must not be stressed so much, that it is described as the essential theme or predominant thought of this section.” • William R. G. Loader, Sohn und Hoherpriester: Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Christologie des Hebräerbriefes (WMANT 53; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1981), 172. • Harold W. Attridge critiques Loader: • In his discussion of the high priestly act of Christ, Loader, while noting the rich texture of Hebrews, concentrates primarily on the Yom Kippur typology. While this is certainly an important element of the author’s complex argument in chap. 9, it is not clear that it is the dominant one. Rather, what seems ultimately to control the development of his theme is the notion that Christ’s death is primarily a covenant sacrifice, a theme to which Loader gives insufficient attention. • Harold W. Attridge, Review of Sohn und Hoherpriester: Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Christologie des Hebräerbriefes, by William R. G. Loader, JBL 103 (1984): 304 (emphasis his).

  17. THE WIDER ARGUMENT OF HEBREWS • God has spoken to us (Heb 1:1-2; 2:1-4; 3:7, 12; 4:12; 5:11; 12:18–29) • The purpose is to encourage an audience that is discouraged (Heb 2:1–4; 3:12–19; 5:11–6:8; 10:25, 32–39; 12:12-17; 13:1-2) • What has God been saying? • The function of Old Testament quotations in Hebrews

  18. Exposition Exhortation

  19. Logical Who Jesus is and what he is doing for us Expository arguments Linear development FOCUS ON THE PAST

  20. King Priest Mediator Heb 1–2: Jesus has been enthroned Heb 5–7: Jesus has been appointed high priest Heb 8–10: Jesus has mediated a new covenant

  21. King Priest Mediator Heb 1–2: Greater than the angels Heb 5–7: Greater than Aaron Heb 8–10: Greater than Moses

  22. A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE • Three Premises: • Hebrews conceives Jesus’ ascension as the inauguration of his office as “Son” at the “right hand of God” (Heb 1:3, 13; 8:1-2; 10:12-13; 12:1-2; cf. 4:14-16). • he title “Son”—or “Son of God”—is used eminently as a royal title. • Hebrews understands the title “Son” as the fulfillment of the promise made to David (2 Sam 7:14; cf. Heb 1:5). • All other achievements related to Jesus’ ascension are a function of, or derive from, the Son’s installation as ruler.

  23. Jesus is the Son “. . . for the author of Hebrews, Jesus’ primary status is not that of Melchizedekian high priest but son of God. . . . In many ways Jesus’ work may be compared with that of his biblical predecessors, namely Moses and the high priest, but in each case it is his sonship which is used to highlight the contrast between his status and theirs.” Marie E. Isaacs, Sacred Space, 178.

  24. Heb 1–4: The Son is King • The Catena (1:5-14): Describes the enthronement of the Son • Jesus’ kingship fulfills the promises of the Davidic Covenant (2 Sam 7) • Jesus is “heir of all things” (Heb 1:2; cf. Ps 2:8) • It has a great “name” (Heb 1:4; cf. 2 Sam 7:9) • Is God’s Son (Heb 1:5; cf. 2 Sam 7:14; Ps 2:7) • His throne is established forever (Heb 1:8-12; cf. 2 Sam 7:13-16) • Leads the people into the rest (Heb 3:3-4; 2 Sam 7:11). • He is the builder with God of the house of God (Heb 3:1-6; 8:2; 2 Sam 7:13).

  25. The Son is High Priest • The author deliberately relates Jesus’ appointment as high priest to his status as Son: • So also Christ did not glorify himself in becoming a high priest, but was appointed by the one who said to him, “You are my Son, today I have begotten you”; as he says also in another place, “You are a priest forever, according to the order of Melchizedek” (Heb 5:5-6).

  26. The Son Inaugurates the New Covenant • The change in the law of priesthood announces a change to a new covenant that is effective (Heb 7:12-28). • The sacrifice for the inauguration of the New Covenant cleanses the conscience from sin (9:15-23). • Jesus reforms the cult by abolishing old covenant sacrifices and introducing a new spiritual cult (10:18; 12:28; 13:9-16).

  27. King Priest Mediator JESUS'S ASCENSION AND THE WIDER ARGUMENT OF HEBREWS Heb 1:6 Enthronement Heb 4:14-16 Entrance into the rest Heb 6:19 appointment as High Priest Heb 9:11-14, 23-24, 10:19-25 Inaugurate the New Covenant and the Heavenly Sanctuary

  28. THE SON IN HEBREWS 1. The Son is enthroned over the universe (Heb 1:5–14). 2. The Son leads into God’s rest (Heb. 3–4). 3. The Son co-builds with God the house of God (3:1–6; 8:1–2). 4. The Son is appointed heavenly high priest (Heb 5:6). 5. The Son is mediator of the new covenant (7:22; cf. 10:29; 6:4). 6. The son cleanses the conscience from sin (9:26). 7. The son has reformed the cult by abolishing the sacrifices (10:18).

  29. Pattern of rule of Righteous Davidic Kings

  30. Expectations of a Future Davidic King in the Hebrew Prophets

  31. Expectations of a Future Davidic King in Second Temple Judaism

  32. The Rule of the Son in Hebrews • Jesus, the Son, • Mediates a new covenant (Heb 8-10) • Cleanses the conscience (9:14) and removes sin (9:24-10:10) • Consecrates the heavenly sanctuary with better sacrifices (9:23) • Reforms the cult, • Substitutes animal sacrifices with the “once for all” of himself (10:18). • Inaugurates a new priesthood and a new spiritual worship for the believers (12:28-29; 13:10-16; cf. 3:1-6) • (No reunification of Israel) • Leads people into God’s rest (3:7-4:16) • Davidic expectations • Renew the covenant between God and the nation • Cleanse the Land from Spurious forms of Worship • Build or repair the temple and consecrate it through cleansing • Reform of the Cult. This includes: • (a) the centralization of the sacrifices at Jerusalem as disposed in Deuteronomy 12 • (b) new stipulations regarding the priestly and Levitical courses as revealed to David (1 Chr 28:11-19) • Promote the reunification of Israel • “Rest” from the enemies

  33. Emotional Warning against rejecting Jesus or the salvation he provides Exhortatoryarguments Circular or repetitive in nature FOCUS ON THE FUTURE

  34. Heb 2:1-4 Heb 3-4 Heb 5:11-6:20 Heb 10:19-12:29 Enter the rest Pay Attention Grow in Knowledge Be faithful

  35. Heb 2:1-4 Heb 3-4 Heb 5:11-6:20 Heb 10:19-12:29 Two-edged sword Boat drifting away Plot of landready to be burned Mt Sinai and Mt Zion

  36. In the “last days” (Heb 1:2) God would… • … establish the Messianic kingdom (Dan 2:28; 10:14) • … destroy Israel’s enemies through a coming king (Gen. 49:1; Num. 24:14; Hos. 3:5) • … exalt Israel and convert the nations (Isa. 2:2; Mic. 4:1) • … totallly defeat the forces of evil (Ezek. 38:16) GOD HAS FULFILLED HIS PROMISES

  37. Jesus has been made • king (Heb 1-2) • high priest (Heb 5-7) • and he has mediated • a New Covenant (Heb 8-10) • … draw near to God • … hold fast to the confession Let us then… Since Hebrews 4:14-16 and 10:19-25 are the central passages of Hebrews and summarize the argument of the Epistle

  38. Let us hold fast our confession. -Heb 4:14; cf. 10:23

  39. RHETORICAL LOCATION OF THE AUDIENCE

  40. SUBJECTION OF ENEMIES But when Christ had offered for all time a single sacrifice for sins, "he sat down at the right hand of God," and since then has been waiting "until his enemies would be made a footstool for his feet.” Heb. 10:12–13

  41. SUBJECTION OF ENEMIES But each in his own order: Christ the first fruits, then at his coming those who belong to Christ. Then comes the end, when he hands over the kingdom to God the Father, after he has destroyed every ruler and every authority and power. For he must reign until he has put all his enemies under his feet. The last enemy to be destroyed is death. 1 Cor 15:23–26.

  42. THE USE OF COMPARISONS (SYNKRISIS)

  43. REFERENCES TO THE DAY OF ATONEMENT

  44. ALLUSIONS TO DANIEL

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