1. Independence- India and South Africa Ms. Hunt Unit 6 RMS 2012-2013

2. British Rule • 1858 Britain established Direct Rule over India • Indian Princes could still govern as long as they swore allegiance to Great Britain • Puppet Government • Created harsh taxes • Laws against Indian rights • Britain used the resources of Indian to enrich the British Empire • Indian people soon resented the British government

4. Steps towards Independence • Indian National Congress- 1885 • Goal- Equal status for Indians • Soon began working towards independence

5. The Muslim League • Believed in a free India • Feared that because of their non-Hindu beliefs they would not receive fair treatment once independence was achieved • Goal- free India should be split into 2 countries • 1 Hindu based • 1 Muslim based

6. Gandhi- The Father of Modern India • Born in India, 1869 • Family was Jainist (Belief of non-violence) • Studied law in England • Practiced Hinduism but influenced by Christianity and Islam through studies • 1915- Convinced the Natl. Congress to use only a non-violent method for independence • Hold marches, boycott British products and taxes *Assassinated in 1948

7. Independence • Achieved in 1947 • Separated into 2 nations (Partition) • India- Hindu centered • Pakistan- Muslim centered • Separated again into Pakistan and Bangladesh • People still migrated where they wish causing old rivalries to start up • About 1 million people were killed because of old issues • Conflict between India and Pakistan still occurs today but is not violent

9. South Africa • First Europeans- Dutch East India Company- 1652 • First descendants of Dutch Invaders who farmed- Boers (Europeans) • Afrikaners- European descendants who spoke native language • 1820 British takes control of Cape Colony • Boer War 1902- British vs. Boers for control • 1910 South Africa becomes officially a member of the British Empire

12. Apartheid • Afrikaners and English- European descendants controlled South Africa • Apartheid- strict set of segregation laws separating races. • Different schools and neighborhoods for each race • “White” social class made up only 20% but controlled the government

13. Effects of Apartheid • Sanctions (economic rules) on South Africa because of apartheid • South Africa banned from the Olympics for over 30 years • African National Congress- against apartheid • Hosted boycotts • Strikes • Marches • Over 70 years of apartheid during South Africa’s history • Apartheid ended in 1991

14. Independence • 1948 Afrikaners vs. British election • Afrikaners won control of South Africa, allowing for independent rule • 1994- First free multiracial election held • Nelson Mandela- first native president of South Africa • 30 years in prison for apartheid resistance • Noble Peace Prize winner

16. Independence Cartoons • Each partner group will have 1 piece of copy paper. • Fold your paper hotdog style and cut down the fold. (One half to each partner) • Fold the paper into 3 boxes. • Through your panels tell a story about the struggle for independence in India or South Africa. (Your partner and you may not choose the same country.) • Each pane must have caption boxes with character speech and clearly outline an event in history. • Your cartoon must be colored and neat! • Glue your work into your Interactive Notebook when you are done then… read Red Scarf Girl!