1. Independence Movements in South Africa

2. The leaders of the African nationalist movement were educated and impressed by the promise of freedom • Kwame Nkrumah was able to win independence for the Gold Coast, who later changed its name to Ghana • Ghana was the first African colony to win its independence Sub-Saharan Africa

4. In Africa, many newly independent nations became one-party states: the party that fought for independence became the only lawful political party • Nationalist leaders often assumed dictatorial powers • In other nations, military leaders took charge Instability in Africa

5. Most African nations faced problems with tribalism • European nations formed colonies without regards to local tribes • New African nations were based on colonial, not tribal, boundariesand nations contained members of several tribes • This led to civil wars between tribes or attempts by tribes to form separate nations • New African nations struggled to improve agriculture, introduce industry, build schools and hospitals, and raise standards of living Instability in Africa

6. In 1948 in South Africa, the white minority of mostly Dutch-speaking Afrikaners (Boers) introduced the policy of apartheid- racial separation • Under apartheid, South Africans were separated by race • They could not intermarry and lived in separate communities • In 1960, several anti-apartheid demonstrators were killed in the Sharpesville Massacre • During the Soweto Uprising in 1976, riots spread through the black townships Apartheid in South Africa

7. Nelson Mandela was a leader of the anti-apartheid African National Congress • He was imprisoned in 1962 • There was international opposition to apartheid and the US and other Western Countries refused to do business with South Africa Apartheid in South Africa

9. In 1989, F.W. deKlerk was elected President by white South Africans • He promised to end apartheid and released Mandela • In 1994, South Africa held its first election in which all races were permitted to vote • Mandela was elected as the country’s first black president Apartheid in South Africa

10. Create a graphic organizer of the events leading to independence movements discussed. Notebook Assignment