AHSGE Language

1. Review AHSGE Language

2. Run-ons and Sentence Fragments • Sentence Fragments • A sentence fragment is a collection of words that does not express a complete thought. • Example: Waiting for her sister to get the pizza. • Example: The best fried chicken in town.

3. Run-Ons and Sentence Fragments • Run-Ons • A run-on sentence occurs when a commas is used in place of a period, semicolon, or comma + coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to join two complete sentences. Sometimes, all punctuation is omitted. • For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So • Example: Lomax took the children to the park Lenetha entertained a friend at home. • Comma Splice • A comma splice is a type of run-on that involves two complete sentences being joined by only a comma. • Example: I wasn’t doing my homework, I hadn’t been passing my tests in school.

4. Run-Ons and Sentence Fragments • How to correct a run-on • Add a period to separate the two complete sentences, and add a capital letter to the second sentence. • Add a semicolon to separate the two complete sentences. • Add a comma + a coordinating conjunction to separate the two complete sentences.

5. Run-ons and Sentence Fragments • Label each sentence as a run-on or a fragment. Correct the sentence. • Sheila played the trumpet in marching band they went to the national competition in October. • Keri, the new girl in my English class from England. • Max was leaning back in his chair, the chair slipped out from underneath him. • Just in time for that midnight snack. • Running all the way upstairs. • We’re going through the house, you should stay outside. • Tracy took the shortcut she didn’t want to walk far in the heat.

6. Run-ons and Sentence Fragments • Use a semicolon to join these two sentences in two different ways: • The heat was unbearable. • I went swimming.

7. Run-Ons and Sentence Fragments • Use a semicolon to join these two sentences in two different ways: • The heat was unbearable; I went swimming. • The heat was unbearable; therefore, I went swimming.

8. Run-ons and Sentence Fragments • Correct this sentence in three different ways: • The speakers in that car were very loud, I wanted to get some for my car. • Which underlined section of the sentence requires a change? • My mom wanted me to help her however I had to hurry and get to work.

9. Capitalization Rules • Capitalize the first word in a sentence. • Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence, even if it is within another sentence. • Example: Mr. White said, “Be here next Saturday at 9:00 am.” • Capitalize names of specific persons, places, things or ideas. Capitalize adjectives formed from proper nouns.

10. Capitalization Rules • Capitalize compass directions only when they designate a specific region. • Capitalize family relationships only when they designate a specific person. • Example: Did Grandma talk to my uncle? • Capitalize every word in the titles of works of literature and film except articles (a, an, the), prepositions, conjunctions, and the to in infinitives.

11. Punctuation Rules: Commas • Commas separate sentences only when they are joined by a conjunction. • Commas are used to set nonrestrictive elements off from the rest of the sentence. • Nonrestrictive elements include “extra information” that is not actually needed in the sentence. • Commas usually follow an introductory word, phrase, clause, or expression. • Commas are used to separate items in a series of three or more words, clauses, or phrases.

12. Punctuation Rules: Commas • Commas are used to set off direct address, tag questions, interjections, and opposing elements. • Commas are used before and after quotations. • “Go at once,” Gene commanded, “and see what is causing that commotion.” • Commas are not used after a quotation when the quotation is an interjection or a question. • “Why has the price of gas tripled?” asked the spokeswoman.

13. Punctuation and Capitalization • Correct the following sentences: • She shouted, “Smokey come here!” • The dog, a black terrier, came dashing toward her. • “Good boy,” she said, “come inside now, Smokey.” • My mother is going to the store after work today. • I told Dad that I made all A’s on my report card.

14. Punctuation • Which underlined section of these sentences requires a change? • The flowers of spring are my favorites. Crocuses, daffodils, and tulips herald spring and affect my mood every year.

15. Punctuation • Because the hard drive crashed, my paper was not completed on time. • My paper was not completed on time because the hard drive crashed. • My hard drive crashed; therefore, my paper was not completed on time.

16. Punctuation: Colons • When are colons used? • Generally, the colon is used to call the reader’s attention to what comes next. • Some examples of when to use a colon include: • Before a list of items, especially after words like “as follows” and “the following” • Before a long, formal statement or quotation • After the salutation of a business letter

17. Punctuation: Colons • Which sentences use the colon correctly? • Tennis, reading, and swimming: are three of my favorite hobbies. • Next summer we will travel through the following states: South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia. • At an airport I like to listen to the many noises: engines roaring, people laughing, luggage rolling, and feet running.

18. Misplaced Modifiers • Misplaced Modifiers • A modifier is a phrase or clause that helps clarify the meaning of another word. • A misplaced modifier modifies the wrong noun in the sentence.

19. Misplaced Modifiers • Correct each sentence. • Under the bed Tiffany was happy to find her notebook. • Kicking and screaming in the high chair, the adult tried to calm the child. • Last week Jason found a dog in his best jacket. • Although the snow is deep, the children with the new sled slide rapidly down hill.

20. Plural Nouns • What is the rule for making words ending in “o” plural? • The plural of nouns ending in “o” preceded by a vowel is formed by adding “s”; the plural of nouns ending in “o” preceded by a consonant is formed by adding “es.” The exception is nouns ending in “o” preceded by a consonant and referring to music form the plural by adding “s.” • Make these words plural. • Potatoes • Heroes • Volcanoes • Radios • Pianos • Altos • Solos • Rodeos

21. Plural Nouns • What is the spelling rule to make compound nouns plural? • The plural of compound nouns consisting of a noun plus a modifier is formed my making the noun plural. • What are the plural forms of the following nouns? • Daughters-in-law • Attorneys-at-law • Editors-in-chief

22. Pronouns • Pronouns • A pronoun takes the place of a noun • Subject Pronouns • Are used as the subject of the sentence, or before the verb • Ex: he, she, it, they, we, I, you • Object Pronouns • Are used after the verb in the sentence • Ex: him, her, them, me, us, you

23. Pronouns • Which sentences use the correct pronoun? Fix the incorrect sentences. • We girls built a very sturdy fort out of pillows. • Jack and I knew that our football team would win the tournament. • He and I went to Cathedral Caverns State Park to hike. • Tell Samantha and me what you told your parents.

24. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement • Pronoun • Takes the place of a noun • Antecedent • The noun that the pronoun refers to. • Ex: Susan gave her sweater to Jill. • The pronoun and antecedent must agree in both gender and number!!!

25. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement • Correct each sentence: • The first time a user places an order, he or she must provide a credit card number. • Someone parked his or her car in my parking place. • An honor roll student should be happy with his or her progress.

26. Possessive vs. Plural vs. Contractions • Choose the form of the word that correctly completes the sentence. • (Its, It’s) too bad you blurted out the wrong answer before checking with your team. • The (winds, wind’s) from the hurricane caused severe damage to the Mobile area. • Many (workers’, worker’s) payroll records were destroyed in the fire that occurred in the main office of the factory.

27. Verb Tense • Correct the underlined verb in each sentence. • Annabel threw the ball quickly to first base. • I wonder if my father sawmy mother right after the movie ended. • Last Tuesday, my three best friends and I swamin the pond before school started.

28. Verb Tense • Correct the tense shifts in the following sentences: • When my friend Sally cries, she wonthe argument. • I am in my room, and I planed to read for an hour. • Lee dashes into the house, slammedthe door behind him, and yells for me.

29. Active and Passive Voice • When is a verb in the active voice? • A verb is in the active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject. • **action verb** • When is it in the passive voice? • A verb is in the passive voice when the action it expresses is performed upon its subject. • **helping verb + main verb** • **by** • Give an example of the same sentence in the active voice and in the passive voice. • Timmy throws the ball. • The ball was thrown by Timmy.

30. Active and Passive Voice • Identify each verb as active or passive. • Tommy hit Kent in the face. • Ashley’s hair was pulled by CJ. • Mrs. Fountain kickedRemi in order to wake him up. • Markia’s water bottle was thrown across the room by Seth.

31. Parallel Structure • Parallel Structure • Parallelism in writing is a way of joining similar ideas and giving them emphasis through repetition. • When a writer describes two or more items in a series, he or she must keep the structure similar, or the sentence will be unclear in its meaning.

32. Parallel Structure • Examples: • Prepositional Phrases: • The housekeeper looked inside the drawers, on top of the bookcase, and under the recliner for the missing wallet. • The housekeeper looked inside the drawers, the bookcase, and under the recliner for the missing wallet. • Nouns • These gifted boys could name the types of trees, flowers, and birds in the forest. • These gifted boys could name the types of trees, flowers, and some special kinds of birds in the forest. • Verbs • Carlos Mendoza took pictures of smiling people, developed the pictures in his darkroom, and sent them to the company for the contest. • Carlos Mendoza took pictures of smiling people, develops the pictures in his darkroom, and sent them to the company for the contest. • Pronouns • Take him, her, and them to the football game. • Take him, she, and them to the football game.

33. Parallel Structure • Examples: Correct each sentence. • I am going shopping, to the skating rink, and bicycling this weekend. • Shelby asked him to bring the truck and movingthe refrigerator. • Mom invited the guests, baked a cake, and decorates the house to get ready for the birthday party.

34. Subject/Verb Agreement • Subject Verb Agreement • The subject of a sentence must agree with the corresponding verb of the sentence. • The subject is the word performing the action. • The object (or noun) of a prepositional phrase cannot be the subject of the sentence!!!!!!! • Example: My older brothers play baseball in the park. • Example: The same frogs croak in the Chuckfee Bay every night.

35. Subject/Verb Agreement • Choose the correct verb in the parentheses: • Many (arrives, arrive) early at school each day. • The confusion among his students (is, are) understandable. • Neither of the girls (wants, want) to visit the art museum today. • It (don’t, doesn’t) matter to me if you eat all of the pizza. • The pack of wolves spreads out and (surround, surrounds) their prey. • A meteorite from Mars (land, lands) in Antarctica 17 million years ago.

36. Commonly Confused Words • Say the meaning of each word, and use it in a sentence: • Accept / Except • Capitol / Capital • Affect / Effect • All ready / Already • Through/Threw • To/Too/Two

37. Commonly Confused Words • Accept- verb; to receive • Except- but • Capitol- a legislature’s building • Capital- a legislature’s city • Affect- verb; to influence • Effect- noun; a result • All ready- pronoun plus adjective; everyone is ready • Already- adverb; previously

38. Commonly Confused Words • Choose the word in parentheses to correctly complete the sentence: • Montgomery is the (capital, capitol) of Alabama. • Morrie is three minutes older (then, than) his twin brother Mike. • Alisha had (to, two, too) much homework. • Jackson quickly ran past the (principal, principle) of the school just as the bell rang.

39. Commonly Confused Words • What is the purpose of each apostrophe in three of the words below? • You’re- You are • It’s- it is • They’re- they are • Hers- possessive pronoun • Ours- possessive pronoun • Why do hersand ours not have an apostrophe? • Possessive pronouns do not have apostrophes unless they are contractions • What does each contraction mean? • Use each contraction in a sentence.

40. Specific Wording • Specific Words convey messages accurately. • Give a more specific word for each word below: • Car • Furniture • Teacher

41. Transitions • Transitions • A transition is a word or phrase used to link ideas. • It helps the reader to make connections. • Example: finally, however, consequently, first, secondly, lastly

42. Introduction and Conclusion • What are the elements of an effective introductory sentence? • An effective introductory sentence should: • Introduce the main idea • Omit a detailed explanation of any idea; the statement should be very general • Capture the reader’s attention • What are the elements of an effective concluding sentence? • An effective concluding sentence should: • Provide a satisfying ending • Omit new ideas • Sum up the paragraph

43. Revision • Revision • Revision involves altering and improving the content of an essay • Revision Strategies • Organize during prewriting to avoid major revisions • Change or delete sentences that are off topic and improve word choice

44. Persuasive Techniques • Purpose of Persuasion • To get the reader to see your point of view • Techniques • State the facts. • State the benefits to the audience. • State the author’s expertise. • Connect emotionally with the reader.

45. Grammatical Errors • Which sentence is correct? What must be corrected in each of the other three sentences? • We were going to the movies, but mom said that we had to wait. • Dad needed the car to run an errand, and he don’tknow when he will be back. • Deanna and me played cards for a few minutes. • We left for the movies as soon as Dad returned, and we were there in time for the previews.

46. Grammatical Errors • What is wrong with the following sentences? • “I wish the dogs would stop barking long enough for me to get a little bit of sleep,” moaned my tired mother. • “Vanessa,” her best friend pleaded, “are you still angry at me for the trick I played on you?” • Iwish the cafeteria at Kashwee High School served Chinese food once in a while. • My English class just finished reading the poem entitled “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe and the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.