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C Red

C Red. Carbon Reduction. Low Carbon Workshop. Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation. What we can all do to save the planet from the consequences of Global Warming.

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C Red

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  1. CRed Carbon Reduction Low Carbon Workshop Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.Ад-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation What we can all do to save the planet from the consequences of Global Warming

  2. Time is getting short to save the planet 18th November 2007 • IPCC climate report of 2500 Scientists – November 2007. • World is dying, but can we unite to save it? • Pollution in the seas from burning fossil fuels is now speeding global warming • increases in droughts, • heatwaves • floods • famine • poor and elderly will suffer most • Can we all agree what to do by 2010?

  3. Change in precipitation 1961-2001 Source: Tim Osborne, CRU Total summer precipitation Total winter precipitation

  4. Increasing Occurrence of Drought

  5. Increasing Occurrence of Flood Source: Tim Osborne, CRU

  6. 2003 1979 Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 تغير المناخاثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب 1979 - 2003 • Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region • NASA satellite imagery • الصيف الجليد في القطبالشمالي تغطية المنطقة القطبيه • ناسا الصور الفضاءيه • 20% reduction in 24 years • 20 ٪تخفيض في 24 سنوات Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

  7. What causes the emissions of carbon dioxide? • What is the magnitude of the problem? • What can we all do about it?

  8. What is the magnitude of the problem Each person in Libya causes emission of 7.58 tonnes of CO2 each year. What volume does that occupy? 4.25 hot air balloons How does Libya compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

  9. The magnitude of the problem 1 hot air balloon = 1.8 tonnes Each person in Libya emits equivalent of 4.25 balloons 1 party balloon = 10 gms 1 big balloon = 900 000 party balloons

  10. How to reduce causes of Global Warming • Reduce energy use. • How? • Switch off unnecessary appliances • Change how we do things - change the setting on the thermostat • Improve efficiency of Energy Use • Insulate buildings to keep them warm in winter and cool in summer. • Technical improvements in equipment • More efficient refrigerators, cars etc. • Use Renewable Energy rather than fossil fuels to generate electricity. • Offset residual emissions

  11. How is electricity generated

  12. Electricity Generation in Libya For each unit of electricity used. Heat Lost from power station 4.24 kWh Lost from wires 0.47 kWh Oil 4.73 kWh Electricity actually used 1.0 kWh Electricity 1.67 kWh Power Station 28% efficient in Libya Used for extracting oil and gas 0.20 kWh GAS 1.19 kWh Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms 18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.

  13. Electricity Generation in Libya and UK Losses 28% Power Station Oil 80% Gas 20% Emissions depends on efficiency, losses and fuel 28% efficient in Libya Coal 1000 – 1300 gms Oil 900 - 1100 Gas 400 – 600 gms Coal 37.7% Gas 35.5% Oil 1.3% Other 2.0% Renewable 4.7% Nuclear 18.9% Power Station Losses 8.5% 42% efficient in UK Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 in Libya and520 gms in UK.

  14. Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

  15. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation • On shore wind • 1.5 MW machine will provide energy for 1000 homes in UK • Possibly 3000 homes in Libya • New machines are twice as big 66 m 66 m

  16. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Off shore wind Has 30 turbines and can provide sufficient electricity for 35 000 houses in UK

  17. Solar Electricity It is still quite expensive

  18. Hydroelectricity Some countries have a high proportion of hydro electricity - Norway ~ 99% UK ~ 2%

  19. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass

  20. Short rotation coppice (SCR) - Willow ENERGY CROPS Miscanthus • But Land Area required is very large - 10000 sq km would be needed to generated just 5% of UK electricity needs. • What % of area of UK would be needed just for electricity? 90%

  21. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass • Transport Fuels: • Biodiesel? • Bioethanol? • Compressed gas from • methane from waste.

  22. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

  23. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

  24. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

  25. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Geothermal

  26. Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

  27. Performance of a Solar Thermal System Data collect 9th December 2006 – 30th October 2007

  28. Raising Awareness At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai • In UK a tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • A Mobile Phone charger: up to 20 kWh per year ~ 3000 balloons each year. 30 kg CO2 • Standby on electrical appliances • ~60+ kWh a year - ~9000 balloons. • Filling up with petrol (~£38 for a full tank – 40 litres) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) Or one party balloon every 50 m

  29. Involve the local Community • The residents on the island of Burray (Orkney) campaigned for a wind turbine. • On average they are more than self-sufficient in electricity needs and indeed are a net exporter of electricity. • Many of the Islanders bought shares in the project and are now reaping the reward. • Orkney is hoping to be a zero net emitter of carbon dioxide by 2015. • Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray.

  30. Involve the local Community Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray. The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated by heat Pumps partly powered by Wind Turbines Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed into biodiesel for farm and other vehicles. Ethanol used in process is obtained from fermentation of harvested sea weed

  31. A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future • Switch off unnecessary appliances. • Turn up thermostat by 1 deg in summer and 1 deg lower in winter 2. Improve Efficiency 3. Renewable Energy 4. Offset – plant trees

  32. Elsewhere CRed CRed Birmingham Carbon Reduction Chester Carbon Reduction CRed North Carolina Carbon Reduction CRed Okinawa Carbon Reduction CRed CRed Australia Carbon Reduction Shanghai Carbon Reduction Overseas In the Future

  33. CRed Libya?? Carbon Reduction So what can you do?What can you do as a School • Pledge to save energy • Join and commit to Carbon Dioxide reduction • >>> CRED LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

  34. CRed Carbon Reduction Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.Ад-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Email: k.tovey@uea.ac.uk This presentation will be placed on WEB at www.cred-uk.org >>Follow Academic Links

  35. The average family car releases 10 grams of CO2 every 50m Animation Courtesy of Rob Hannington

  36. Insulating a building will keep it cool and save energy An insulated building will heat up less quickly and save energy

  37. 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 Is Global Warming man made? actual predicted Temperature Rise (oC) 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 • Predictions include: • Greenhouse Gas emissions • Sulphates and ozone • Solar and volcanic activity Prediction: Anthropogenic only Not a good match between 1920 and 1970 Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

  38. 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 Is Global Warming man made? actual predicted Temperature Rise (oC) 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Temperature Rise (oC) 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 • Predictions include: • Greenhouse Gas emissions • Sulphates and ozone • Solar and volcanic activity Prediction: Natural only good match until 1960 Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

  39. 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 Is Global Warming man made? actual predicted Temperature Rise (oC) 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 • Predictions include: • Greenhouse Gas emissions • Sulphates and ozone • Solar and volcanic activity Prediction: Natural and Anthropogenic Generally a good match Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office

  40. Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Billion barrels of oil a year 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

  41. Electricity Generation in Libya Heat Lost from power station 51104 GWh Lost from wires 5704 GWh 28% Oil 57001 GWh Electricity actually used 12059 GWh Electricity 20202 GWh Power Station 28% efficient in Libya Used for extracting oil and gas 2403 GWh GAS 14305 GWh Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms 18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.

  42. Using Energy causes emission of CO2 • What fuels do you use to heat your home in winter? • Gas? • Oil? • Electricity? • What fuels do you use in summer? • Electricity? • Each fuel emits different amounts of carbon dioxide • Gas for heating 210 – 260 gms per unit of heat 21 – 26 balloons • Approximately same in all countries • Oil for heating 310 – 400 gms • Similar same in all countries • Electricity 1530 grms [153 balloons] for Libya • But 520 gms in UK and 80 gms in Switzerland Why the difference?

  43. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

  44. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Tidal Barrages Output 78 000 GWh per annum Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney Save 40000 tonnes of CO2

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