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Audiometry and Hearing Disorders. SPA 4302 Summer 2007. The Evolution of Audiology. “_________”= audire (Latin=to hear) + logos (Greek=the study of) Post-World War II—military aural rehabilitation centers for veterans. Scope of practice grew with changing technology
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Audiometry and Hearing Disorders SPA 4302 Summer 2007
The Evolution of Audiology • “_________”=audire (Latin=to hear) + logos (Greek=the study of) • Post-World War II—military aural rehabilitation centers for veterans. • Scope of practice grew with changing technology • Educational requirements moved from • Bachelor’s degree • Master’s degree (1960’s) • Doctor of Audiology (1990’s) • Audiologist—an individual who “is uniquely qualified to provide a comprehensive array of professional services related to the assessment and habilitation/rehabilitation of persons with auditory and vestibular impairments, and to the prevention of these impairments” (American Academy of Audiology, 1997)
Licensing and Certification • Practice of audiology is regulated through license or registration in ______ states • Regulation ensures: • Audiologists have met a minimum level of educational preparation • That a minimum of continuing studies is maintained to ensure competency remains current • To obtain licensure: • Complete a prescribed course of study • Acquire a minimum of 350 hours of clinical practicum • Attain a passing score on a national exam in audiology • Certification is ___________________- • Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC-A) through ASHA • American Board of Audiology
Prevalence/Impact of Hearing Loss • ___ million people have hearing impairment • ___ million are regularly exposed to hazardous noise levels • ___ million have permanent noise-induced hearing loss • 6 out of 1000 children are born with a hearing impairment • By age 6, ___% of US children have had at least one ear infection • Frequent ear infections can significantly impair speech and language development and academic performance • For older adults, hearing loss can impact personal relationships and is related to overall poor health, decreased physical activity, and depression • Northern and Downs (2002)—for a 1 year-old child with severe hearing impairment and average life expectancy of 75 years, the economic burden can approach $__ million
Audiology Specialties • Medical Audiology • ____________ Audiology • Pediatric Audiology • Dispensing/Rehabilitative Audiology • __________ Audiology
Where do we work? • Almost __% of audiologists ID themselves as direct clinical service providers • Most audiologists work within a medical environment (physician’s office, hospitals, etc.) • The most rapidly growing setting is private practice (largely due to the development of the ____) • Other settings: • Schools, College/University, Speech & Hearing Center, Residential Home Health Care, Industrial
Professional Societies • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)—first professional society for audiologists (1947) • American Academy of Audiology (AAA)—founded in 1988 • Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology • Academy of Dispensing Audiologists • Educational Audiology Association • American Auditory Society • Hearing Loss Association of America • Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf
Inner Ear Middle Ear Outer Ear
Pathways of Sound • ______ Conduction—sound travels through the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and neural pathways • ______ Conduction—sound bypasses the outer ear and middle ear by vibrating the skull mechanically and stimulating the inner ear directly
AIR CONDUCTION
Bone Conduction
Types of Hearing Loss • ________ Hearing Loss • Hearing by air conduction will be impaired, but hearing by bone conduction will be normal • __________ Hearing Loss • Hearing by air conduction and bone conduction will be impaired • __________ Hearing Loss • Hearing by air conduction and bone conduction will be impaired, but hearing loss will be greater by air conduction (Outer/Middle Ear) (Inner Ear/Neural) (Both)
Hearing Tests • Early tests that provided little information: • Clapping the hands • Making various vocal sounds • Ticking of a watch • Clicking 2 coins together
Tuning Fork Tests • First used in the 19th Century • Tuning forks emit a pure tone at a specific frequency __________ Test—hearing sensitivity of a patient vs. that of the tester _________ Test—patient’s hearing sensitivity by bone conduction vs. by air conduction _______ Test—hearing by bone conduction with/out occlusion _______ Test—lateralization of bone conducted tone: unilateral sensorineural hearing loss-- heard in better ear; unilateral conductive hearing loss – heard in poorer ear