Plants in a Day Ch 22

1. Plants in a DayCh 22

2. Self Quiz – T/F • 1. All plants have stems, leaves and roots. • 2. All plants have flowers. • 3. All plants are photosynthetic. • 4. All plants develop from seeds. • 5. All plants have organ systems. • 6. There are 4 Phyla of Plants.

3. What is a Plant? • “A Multicellular eukaryote that can produce its own food in the form of glucose through the process of photosynthesis” pg 575

4. Modern land plants developed from green algae. What is the evidence? 500 mya - fossils Both have cell walls containing cellulose. Both have the same kind of chlorophyll and accessory pigments. Both produce starch during Photosynthesis and store it in plastids.

6. Adaptations in Plants • In order to live on the land, plants must be able to: • Prevent water loss • Obtain minerals/nutrients • and then move them around • Protect gametes from drying out

7. Some Adaptations • Thick cell walls made of cellulose • Stems and leaves have a waxy, waterproof coating = cuticle • Seeds • Leaf shapes • Roots

8. Reproduction • As we saw in some other kingdoms, plants have an alternating reproduction cycle • “Alternation of Generations”

9. The Diversity of Plants

10. 2 major divisions of land plants. I. Non vascular plants II. Vascular plants

11. I. Non vascular plants No vascular tissue Small, inhabiting shady, moist areas Gametophyte generation is dominant Read about these in chapter 21.2 & 22.1

12. Phylum Names • NONVASCULAR: • Bryophyta = mosses • Hepatophyta = liverworts • Anthocerophyta = hornworts

13. II. Vascular Plants Have vascular tissue - tubelike, elongated cells through which water and sugars are transported. Has true roots, stems and leaves. Sporophyte generation is dominant. Grow in a variety of environments-why?

14. Flowers in food coloring water – no energy, yet colored…why?Transpiration!

15. 2 major divisions of VASCULAR plants. I. Seedless plants II. Seed plants

16. I. Seedless plants Must have a moist environment in which to grow. Includes Club Mosses- Lycophyta Horsetails/Sphenophyta, Ferns/Pterophyta All reproduce by forming spores. These are covered in Section 22.2 Let’s move on to the other division of vascular plants…

17. II. Seed plants Reproduce by seeds. A seed is an embryo with a food supply (endosperm) enclosed in a tough, protective coat. These are covered in Section 22.3

18. 2 major divisions of VASCULAR SEED plants. I. Unprotected seeds II. Protected seeds

19. I. Unprotected seeds (4 types) Also called: Gymnosperms Phylum Names: • Cycads/Cycadophyta • ~100 species, only in tropics, only cycad in US is in Florida; separate ♀ & ♂ plants • Ginkgos/Ginkophyta • Only one living species = Ginkgo biloba; separate ♀ & ♂ plants • Gnetophyta • Deserts/Mountains plants; only 3 genera, one of which lives in US • Conifers/Coniferophyta • Needle-leaved plants

20. I. Unprotected seeds Also called: Gymnosperms Is this group the most successful land plant today? Why? NO, because their seeds are unprotected.

21. II. Protected seeds Also called: Angiosperms Anthophyta = Flowering Plants This is the most successful group of plants. Why? Seeds are protected within flowers and develop inside fruit.

22. 2 major divisions of VASCULAR PROTECTED SEED/FLOWERING plants. I. Monocots II. Dicots

23. Monocots vs. Dicots • These 2 divisions of VASCULAR PROTECTED SEED plants differ in: • Pollen structure • Seed and seed leaves • Stems • Flower parts • Leaves • Root development

24. Protected Seeds: Divided into two classes, based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) within the seed. Monocots: (non-wood) grasses, lilies, palms Dicots: Shrubs, trees, herbs and flowers.

25. Life Spans of Angiosperms • Annual • Biennials • Perennials

26. FAQ • Q: Are pine trees monocots or dicots? • A: Pines are conifers, and are neither monocots nor dicots. Only flowering plants are considered to be members of these two classes. This question is similar to asking whether a chicken is a monocot or a dicot; it is neither.

27. FAQ • Q: Do all dicots produce flowers? • A: Yes, sort of. All dicots and monocots are flowering plants, and so are descended from flower-producing plants. However, the flowers are not always large and showy the way we expect flowers to be. Oaks, maples, and sycamore are all dicot trees, but they do not produce obvious flowers. Grasses and cattails are monocots whose flowers are often overlooked because they do not have sepals or petals. • There are also some flowering plants which flower only rarely. Duckweeds are tiny flowering plants which reproduce and spread primarily by vegetative growth; they grow by cellular division, and the resulting cluster will then break apart.

28. FAQ • Q: If monocots don't have wood, then what supports palm trees? • A: Palms rely on overlapping leaf bases, thickened enlarged cells, and prop roots to stay up. This strategy is also used by cycads and tree ferns.

29. Summary

30. Self Quiz – T/F • 1. All plants have stems, leaves and roots. - F • 2. All plants have flowers. - F • 3. All plants are photosynthetic. - T • 4. All plants develop from seeds. - F • 5. All plants have organ systems. - T • 6. There are 4 Phyla of Plants. - F