1. Chapter 18 continued… Technological developments after WWII? General compositional developments: • Newer musical systems were developed. • electronic music • Some composers attempted to destroy all systems. • Innovations dealt primarily with tone color, rhythm, and form.

2. Maximum Rational Control by the Composer • control over every aspect of performance • predetermined control of choices the composer makes in writing the piece to begin with -serial organization, serialism, or the twelve-tone technique

3. Minimum Rational Control by the Composer • The whole result of a composition is left up to the performer or to the operation of chance • chance music is also known as aleatoric music • Most important composer of chance music: • John Cage (1912-1992)

4. Henry Cowell • Inventor of the tone cluster • Asked performer to play directly on the strings of the piano • Influenced by Asian music • The Banshee (1925) -Listen for sweeping sound effects

5. New Technology and the New Music • magnetic tape recording • Synthesizers • digital revolution: MIDI and sampling What effect did these developments have on live performance?

6. Minimalism • Reduction of compositional materials – relies heavily on repetition, short simple patterns, and subtle changes • First appeared in music in the 1960’s • Demonstrates the increased interest in Asian and African music and a reaction to serialism

7. Steve Reich • influential composer of minimalist music in the mid-1960s • Coined the concept of “phase shifting” • Piano Phase (1967) • Other minimalist composers: -John Adams -Philip Glass

8. Multimedia Art and Concept Music • efforts to “theatricalize” the basic concert situation • performance art of the 1980s and 1990s -Laurie Anderson Concept music - Music consisting merely of ideas for “pieces,” the actual realization of which would either be impossible, ambiguous, or manifestly pointless.

9. American Composers Forum • Each of the 50 states commissioned to produce a new work celebrating the new millennium – Continental Harmony • Great example of the diversity of American music

10. Bushy Wushy Rag • Written by Philip Bimstein in 2000 • Baseball and ragtime • Musical quote from Joplin’s Maple Leaf Rag • Electronic manipulation of sound – baseball sounds specifically