Chapter IX:

1. Chapter IX: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xff4Z5xMMro • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrQgiWU-OAI

3. European Transition • Germanic peoples began moving into Roman territory by 200AD • The Franks was the only long lasting Germanic kingdom. • Clovis (who converted to Christianity around 500 AD) created the Frankish kingdom • Germans and Romans intermarried and created a new society • Ordeal= physical trial used by Germanic peoples to determine guilt or innocence • Wergild: amount of money paid by a criminal to the family of the person he had killed or injured • The Germanic tribes used trial by ordeal. This meant a physical trial such a holding a red hot piece of iron. If unharmed=innocent

5. Charlemagne • Established the missi dominici (two mwn who were sent out to local districts to ensure that the counts were carrying out the king’s orders • Magyars= people of western Asia who settled on the plains of Hungary

7. Vikings • Vikings were made part of European civilization by the Frankish policy of settling them and converting them to Christianity • The Vikings loved adventure, spoils of war and trade…As a result, they attacked many areas of Europe…They were excellent shipbuilders, warriors and sailors • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qSkaAwKMD4

9. Middle Ages: Daily Life • Chivalry= a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold/ oath to defend the Catholic Church, defenseless people, treat captives as honored guests/ implied that knights should only fight for glory and not for material rewards • Knights showed their fighting skills in contests called: tournaments • The clergy, the nobility and the peasants and townspeople made up the three estates • Count= a German noble who acted as the king’s representative in a certain local area • Aristocratic women in feudal Europe: • Legally hold property • Most women were under the control of their fathers until they were married • Many opportunities to play important roles • Overseeing money matters and food supply (controller of servants)

10. Feudalism • Vassalage=the heart of feudalism • Feudal contract= a set of unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and a vassal: The major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to perform military service. usually about 40 days a year. Also, when summoned, a vassal had to appear at his lord’s court to give the lord advice. Vassals were also responsible for making financial payments to the lord as well • When a lord was away at court or war, management of his estate fell to the lady of the castle • Fief= the grant of land made to a vassal • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pygLvyDdewU

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EgWb_89Uow

13. Christianity in Medieval Europe • Christianity had become the supreme religion of the Roman Empire by 500 • The church developed a system of organization • Saint Benedict: • Founded a community of monks that established the basic form of monasticism in the Catholic Church • Monk= a man who separates himself from ordinary society in order to pursue a life of dedication to God. • Missionaries= people sent out to carry a religious message • Monks copied the scriptures and Latin in rooms called: scriptoria • The separation between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the catholic Church of the West was called: The Great Schism • 2: Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy

14. The Magna Carta • 1215, Runnymede, England • Resenting the monarchy’s expanding power; many nobles rebelled against King John. • “Great Charter” • Recognized the longstanding feudal idea of mutual rights and obligations between the lord and vassal. • Eventually was used to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not absolute • Under Edward I, the English Parliament emerged

16. The Byzantine Empire • 400’s, as Germanic tribes moved into the western part of the Roman empire, the Eastern Roman empire continued to exist • Justinian became emperor of the ERE in 527…codification of Roman law • Over time, the ERE shrank because it became too big to control, so it became the Byzantine Empire (patriarch/ Eastern Orthodox instead of pope/ Roman Catholic) • Great Schism (still hasn’t healed)

18. The Crusades • 1000’s to 1200’s, European Christians went on a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks (Muslims…called infidels by the Crusaders) • The push for the crusades came when Alexius I asked for aid/ Pope Urban II agrees to help • The European Christians called the Muslims of the Holy Land: infidels http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pygLvyDdewU