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Introduction to Biotechnology

Introduction to Biotechnology. When did biotechnology start?. “Antique” Biotechnology. Definitions of biotechnology. Biotechnology generally refers to the use of microorganisms to produce certain chemical compounds.

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Introduction to Biotechnology

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  1. Introduction to Biotechnology

  2. When did biotechnology start?

  3. “Antique” Biotechnology

  4. Definitions of biotechnology Biotechnology generally refers to the use of microorganisms to produce certain chemical compounds. Application of scientific and technical advances in life science to develop commercial products

  5. Modern Biotechnology based on DNA • 1953   Double helix structure of DNA is first described by Watson and Crick. • 1973   Cohen and Boyer develop genetic engineering techniques to "cut and paste" DNA and to amplify the new DNA in bacteria. • 1977   The first human protein (somatostatin) is produced in a bacterium (E. coli). • 1982   The first recombinant protein (human insulin) appears on the market. • 1983   Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique conceived. • 1984 DNA Fingerprinting • 1990   Launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP), an international effort to sequence the human genome. • 1995   The first genome sequence of an organism (Haemophilus influenzae) is determined. • 2000   A first draft of the human genome sequence is completed. • 2005   Over 40 million gene sequences are in GenBank, and genome sequences of hundreds of prokaryotes and dozens of eukaryotes are finished or in draft stage.

  6. Types of Modern Biotechnology • Genetic engineering- transgenic- GMO (genetically modified organisms)/ recombinant DNA • Cloning • DNA profiling (forensics), DNA testing, DNA typing, DNA fingerprinting • Gene therapy • Pharmaceutical products: insulin, human growth hormone • Human Genome Project -Bioinformatics/Genomics/Proteomics/ Metabolomics/ Pharmacogenomics

  7. Types of Biotechnology • Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. • Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. • Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. • transgenic plants • engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, • . An example of this would be Bt corn • Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation. • White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. • An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. • Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.[

  8. Mary Claire King (prof at UW) and DNA technology • Helped identify the BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 (breast cancer), genes for deafness • Figured out that chimpanzees and human DNA is 99% similar, study genes to figure out migration patterns in modern humans

  9. Mary Claire King • Helped standardize how to use mitochondrial DNA (DNA inherited from your mother) to help fight human rights abuses: • Use forensic genetics to identify the remains of people murdered in El Salvador, Mexico and especially in Argentina. • Help the "Abuelas," the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires. During Argentina's military dictatorship of the 1970s and early 1980s, thousands of activists disappeared and their children were consigned to orphanages or illegally adopted by military families. Help grandparents--the parents of "the Disappeared"--be reunited with the children of their lost sons and daughters • identify the remains of murdered war victims in Bosnia, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, amassing genetic evidence for use in international war crimes trials for the US Army and the UN

  10. “the disappeared”

  11. Gene Therapy

  12. Bacterial Transformation: making proteins from other organisms

  13. Transgenic: GMO (genetically modified organisms)

  14. Enviropig…

  15. STR (short tandem repeats) • Uses parts of the DNA that are repetitive • Example CATCATCATCAT (4 repeats) • Repeats are inherited and can be different lengths • Example… mom has 4 repeats dad has 15 repeats… genotype 4, 15 • CODIS- Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is the FBI's program of support for criminal justice DNA databases as well as the software used to run these databases.

  16. http://www.healforce.com/en/datacache/pic/800_345_64c39146f6c162d68b80f4c6b26dbbb6.jpghttp://www.healforce.com/en/datacache/pic/800_345_64c39146f6c162d68b80f4c6b26dbbb6.jpg

  17. STRs around the Genome Note: the X and Y have different loci… can tell if unknown DNA is male or female Certain loci are found more often in distinct ethnic groups

  18. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) • A method of making a lot of copies of DNA in a short period of time • Artificial DNA replication • Makes specific short segments of DNA • Very little DNA required • RFLP (requires many days and a lot of DNA) • Used for DNA profiling (paternity, crime scene, ID unknown soliders…)

  19. http://image.slidesharecdn.com/techniqueofpolymerasechainreactionpcr-experimentalbiotechnology-130211215640-phpapp01/95/technique-of-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-experimental-biotechnology-19-638.jpg?cb=1360619880http://image.slidesharecdn.com/techniqueofpolymerasechainreactionpcr-experimentalbiotechnology-130211215640-phpapp01/95/technique-of-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-experimental-biotechnology-19-638.jpg?cb=1360619880

  20. http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/dna-accidents

  21. Bio-rad.com

  22. Bio-rad.com

  23. Example Gels…matching STRs

  24. Paternity testing

  25. RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) • Prokaryotes make enzymes to cut up invading DNA from viruses. • Enzymes recognize DNA “palindromes”

  26. Reading the name of a restriction enzyme (also called an endonuclease)

  27. Different restriction enzymes

  28. Find the EcoRI restriction site (GAATTC) Sticky end cut between the G and first A

  29. How restriction enzymes cut up DNA?

  30. Uses of Restriction Enzymes • For a bacteria: destroy cut up invading viruses • For a scientist: cut open a plasmid to insert a foreign gene of interest (ex. GFP from a sea jelly) • For a forensic scientist: (old school) chop up a lot of DNA and run gel electrophoresis to separate fragments to make a “DNA” fingerprint or DNA profiling

  31. http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/patnode-cj/images/8/84/DNA_fingerprint_overview.gif/revision/latest?cb=20130521124544http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/patnode-cj/images/8/84/DNA_fingerprint_overview.gif/revision/latest?cb=20130521124544

  32. Genetic/DNA profiling (with gel electrophoresis) STR (short tandem repeats) Example: CATCATCATCATCATCAT… Alleles in common show relationships Inherit one allele from each parent Different alleles combination in different population; generate probabilities of matches

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