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Introduction to Biotechnology

Introduction to Biotechnology. Ms. Schuller. What is biotechnology?. Discuss with your group and formulate a definition. Bio (Living Things). Technology ( Use of Knowledge). =. +. +. =. Useful Products. Biotechnology. Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms,

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Introduction to Biotechnology

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  1. Introduction to Biotechnology Ms. Schuller

  2. What is biotechnology? Discuss with your group and formulate a definition.

  3. Bio (Living Things) Technology(Use of Knowledge) = + + = Useful Products

  4. Biotechnology Using living organisms, or the products of living organisms, for human benefit (or to benefit human surroundings), to make a product or solve a problem.

  5. Biotechnology • How many of you know someone who works in the biotech industry? • How many of you are interested in the biotech industry? • Maryland Biotechnology Center • http://marylandbiocenter.org/Pages/Homepage.aspx

  6. Maryland Biosciences • More than 400 bioscience companies—the fastest growing cluster in the U.S. • Ranks second per capita in federal R&D obligations—$12.2  billion • State investment of over $450 million in bioscience infrastructure • Ranked second among the states in the percentage of professional and technical workers (24.9%) • Ranked second among the states in concentration of doctoral scientists and engineers • Home to eight percent of the U.S. bioscience market • Among  the top states in percentage of population who hold a bachelor’s degree or higher (34.5%) • http://marylandbiocenter.org/Pages/Homepage.aspx

  7. Maryland Biosciences • Biotherapeutics and Diagnostics — MedImmune , Human Genome Sciences, Advancis, GenVec, Martek, Otsuka, BD Diagnostics, Digene, Invitrogen and Qiagen • Agricultural Biotechnology— Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Center for Biosystems Research and Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology II • Pharmaceutical & Biomanufacturing/Bioprocessing — Cambrex , Chesapeake Biological Laboratories, Shire U.S. Manufacturing, and  Pharmaceutics International • Bioinformatics — Gene Logic , Celera Genomics and the National Institutes of Health

  8. Examples of Biotechnology

  9. Examples of Biotechnology • Humans have been using organisms for their benefit for several thousands years! • Fermentation – yeast break down sugars to make alcohol • Selective breeding – improve the production of crop and livestock for food purposes; organisms with desirable traits are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics • Antibiotics – substances produced by microorganisms that will inhibit the growth of other microorganisms • Gene cloning – the ability to identify and reproduce a gene of interest • Genetic engineering – manipulating the DNA of an organism • Recombinant DNA technology – combining DNA from different organisms • Human Genome Project – chromosomal location and code of every human gene, ~25,000

  10. Biotechnology Today • Since the 1970s, biotechnology refers to the use of modern molecular and microbial techniques to make useful products

  11. Interdisciplinary?

  12. Bioethics • Ethics • How society choses to use scientific discovery • Biotechnology • How should scientists use the information gained from research? • How much should organisms be manipulated?

  13. Bioethics • Consider: • Would you accept cancer therapy with a drug made from a genetically engineered virus? • Would you drink milk from a cow treated with a recombinant growth hormone? • Would you eat genetically modified fish? • Would you clone a pet? • Would you genetically modify a pre-implantation embryo to fix a genetic disease? • Would you clone yourself?

  14. Types of Biotechnology • Human Genome Project • Medical • Drug development • Antibiotics • Vaccines • Nanotechnology • Personalized Medicine (pharmacogenomics) • Clinical Diagnostics • Microbial • Antibodies • Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • Pharming • Industrial Manufacturing • Detergents • Plant-based plastics • Biofuels • Mining • Pollution monitoring and waste management • Biosensors • Bioremediation • Conservation – DNA profiling • Biodefense • Forensics – DNA fingerprinting • Human origins

  15. Types of Biotechnology Project • Medical (Cory & Walters) • Drug development • Antibiotics • Vaccines • Nanotechnology (DiBiagio & Ryan) • Personalized Medicine (Dobson & Roddy) • Clinical Diagnostics (Faber & Pica) • Microbial • Antibodies • Agriculture (Freiji & Noppenberger) • Genetically modified crops • Pharming • Industrial Manufacturing (Haley & Moynihan) • Detergents • Plant-based plastics • Biofuels (Hopkins & McGrath) • Mining • Pollution monitoring and waste management (Hurley, Illiano & Marlowe) • Biosensors • Bioremediation • Conservation – DNA profiling • Biodefense (Iverson, Jlopleh, & Jones) • Forensics – DNA fingerprinting • Human origins (Iverson, Jlopleh, & Jones)

  16. Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal? 1. Agriculture • More efficient/higher crop yields • Increased quality/quantity of animal products • Improved quality, flavor, and shelf life • Reduces agrochemicals

  17. Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal? 2. Industry - Microbes are used to convert biomass into other useful products - Organisms are used as factories producing chemical compounds

  18. Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal? 3. Health/Medicine - Develop diagnostic tools - Vaccinations, antibiotics, and other therapeutics - Gene therapy

  19. Why is Biotechnology Such a BIG deal? 4. Environmental • Developing alternative fuels • Bioremediation 5. Forensic • DNA fingerprinting 6. Advancement of knowledge

  20. Biotechnology Can Be Abused • Ethics – • The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy. (American Heritage Dictionary). • The determination of how scientific discovery and technology are used to help the human condition

  21. The Scientific Method What are the steps of the scientific method?

  22. The Scientific Method IfYES, then THEORYmay arise. Will inevitably lead to new questions Prompts scientists to… If NO, then A. QUESTION is revised B. More observation and research is done C. HYPOTHESIS is revised. D. EXPERIMENT is improved or repeated. which may lead to a… Yields data that can be interpreted and peer reviewed … tested using…

  23. Biotechnology Timeline • 1830 – Proteins discovered • 1833 – First enzymes isolated • 1863 – Mendel’s discoveries • 1944 – DNA confirmed as genetic material • 1954 – Cell culturing techniques developed • 1967 – First protein synthesized by automation • 1973 – First recombinant DNA experiments • 1983 – PCR technique developed • 1984 – DNA fingerprinting technique developed • 1985 – First field test of genetically engineered plant (unauthorized); first biotech drug • 1987 – First field test of GMO (authorized) • 1988 – HGP approved by Congress • 1997 – Dolly the sheep cloned • 2000 – Human genome sequence produced

  24. Biotechnology Timeline 1. Go to the web site http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline.asp 2. Read through the timeline of biotechnology. 3. Choose the 3-4 significant contributions to the advancement of biotechnology. Following a class discussion, each student will pick ONE event in the timeline to present to the class 4. Create a one-page document outlining the significance of the event. The document should show the year, the definition of the event, and identify its significance to advancing biotechnology. Students should find at least one other good resource to support their information. 5. Documents will be printed and presented in class (less than a minute). Presentations in class tomorrow!

  25. Grading: • Timeline Information (10 points): • Thorough and accurate description of event • Necessary definitions needed to understand event and the technology used • Analytic description of its importance to the field of biotechnology • Presentation (3 points): • One page – easy to read and understand • Grammatically correct with no typos • Citations (2 points): • Used at least one reputable resource to support information presented • Listed the sources used in the presentation

  26. Biotechnology Timeline Example: 8000 B.C. Domestication of Livestock • Animals were domesticated for use by humans as food and labor • Once wild goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and fowl were used by humans as food source; fisheries formed in marine environments • Blah, blah, blah…. • Significance, blah, blah, blah…. Sources used: http://www.unep-wcmc.org/resources/publications/1_sourcebook/5.doc Photos taken from: http://www.planetpinkngreen.com/can-cow-poo-be-eco-chic-3/ http://scienceblogs.com/thoughtfulanimal/2010/08/pigs_emotion.php

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