Hardware inside the box

1. Hardware inside the box

2. Announcement • Invited talk today at C106 from 7:00PM • Required Movie at C106 • Pirates of Silicon Valley • Starring Noah Wyle (ER) and Anthony Michael Hall (Sixteen Candles) • Two times: • TuesdaySept 9th, 7-9 pm • WednesdaySept 10th, 7-9 pm

3. Apple Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak (beard) Microsoft Bill Gates (Huge glasses) Paul Allen (beard) Steve Ballmer (bald) Cast of Characters

4. Today’s Information • Microprocessors (CPU) • Memory • Motherboards • Storage

5. Metric System • Kilo = • Mega = • Giga = • Tera = • These terms are used frequently to describe storage and speed in computers

6. Metric System • Kilo = 1000 • Mega = 1,000,000 = 1 million • Giga = 1,000,000,000 = 1 billion • Tera = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 trillion • These terms are used frequently to describe storage and speed in computers

7. Basic storage unit • 1 bit : Single 1 or 0 is a bit. • 1 Byte = 8 bits = eight 1s or 0s in any combination • 10100011 • “B” represents byte and “b” represents bit. (KB and Kb are different units.) • 1 KB = Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes (210) • 1 MB = Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes = 220 Bytes • 1 GB = Gigabyte =1024 Megabytes = 230 Bytes (1073741824 Bytes)

8. Where are my Bytes? • If you have bought a memory card or hard drive, computer will report that it is smaller than what you paid for. • Manufacturers are playing tricks here. • 512MB(metric) = 512*106 Bytes/(10242) = 488.3MB(reported by computer), that is 4.6% difference • 40G(metric)=40*109 Bytes/(10243)=37.3G (reported by computer ) you lose 6.9%

9. Two things determine function • Processor Speed • This is the speed at which information is processed • RAM (Random Access Memory) • This is how much information is available for rapid processing

10. Computer Speed • Hz = Hertz = Cycles/second • MHz = Megahertz = Million cycles/second • GHz = Gigahertz = Billion cycles/second • Typical processor today runs at 2 GHz! • If numeric addition takes 4 cycles, that is 500 million additions in a second.

11. Moores Law • Manufacturers always coming out with faster processors • It takes about 18 month the fastest processors to double in speed • 1996 – 233 MHz • 1998 – 450 MHz • 2000 – 1.4 GHz (cost $600 in 2000, $100 today) • 2002 – 3.06 GHz and more! • Take Home Message: Don’t buy the top of the line processor, it will be dated very quickly!

12. 8088 Evolution of Intel Microprocessorsand Pursuit by AMD Processors 80286 80386 AMD 386 80486 AMD 486 Pentium AMD K5 Pentium Pro AMD K6 Pentium II AMD K6-II Pentium III AMD K6-III Celeron (Castrated Pentiums) Pentium IV Duron Athlon

13. Important Microprocessor Qualities • Speed, e.g. 1.5 GHz (Gigahertz) • Level 2 Cache - speeds processing • Memory inside the CPU. • It is much faster than the main memory. • A huge chunk of computer programs are loops. So moving these loops into cache can speed up the processing. • The major difference between Pentium and Celeron series CPU are amount of cache.

14. Memory - RAM • RAM is Random Access Memory • CPU can not access to the Hard drive directly. Program needs to be moved into RAM first. • RAM is memory that is “volatile.” when you shut down the computer, everything in RAM is gone. • RAM stores info and data of running programs

15. Types of RAM • DDR Ram is Double Data Rate, for Athlon and Pentium IV • SDRAM – Used in a lot of machines, but being phased out • RIMMS – Newest and fastest • For Pentium IV, 400 MHz transfer rate • Adding new RAM is the cheapest and easiest way to make your computer run faster

16. Analogy • If the processor is the brain of the computer, then what is the motherboard? • The Spinal Cord • Processor and Motherboard make up Central Neural System

17. Motherboards • Circuitry that connects all items to the processor • Card slots for modems, sound cards, graphics cards • Socket or slot for processor • Bus speed determines processors • Motherboard must be compatible to CPU

18. Motherboards and Microprocessors • Motherboard must have appropriate socket or slot for processor • Motherboard must support processor’s speed and have the same bus speed

19. Storage Media • Media refers to the objects on which information is stored • Singular of word is medium • A CD is a medium for storage, a floppy disk is a medium, …

20. Storage: Magnetic • “Drive” Storage: magneticpolarity stores 1s and 0s • Hard Drives - Internal, sealed platters • Floppy Drive - One flexible platter • Zip Drive – Very high capacity floppy

21. Storage: Solid State Memory • Solid state is contrast to the moving parts of HD, Floppy Disk… • Digital memory • Compact Flash • Smart Media • Multi-Media card (MMC) and Secure Digital card (SD) • USB drives.

22. Storage: Optical Read Only • CD-ROM – 650MB or 700 MB, read only, etched pits • drives 32X etc. for speed relative to normal • DVD - stands for Digital Video Disc, 4.7 Gb (7X CD) single side, single layer. • 4x DVD does not mean it is slower than a 16x CD-ROM.

23. CD Burners – Optical Read/Write • CD RW • 32x/8x/40x means 32x maximum write speed, 8x max. rewrite speed, and 40x max. read speed • Media: CD-R is cheapest, write once • CD-RW – good medium for transporting files

24. New Generation: DVD RW • There are two competitive standards of DVD RW, respectively DVD+RW and DVD-RW. • Media for these two type are NOT inter-changeable. • Will both of them survive in 5 years? • Best strategy: DVD-/+RW • Technically, can I duplicate my own DVD movies?

25. Assignment for Next Week • Measure computer startup speed • Find out processor speed, type • Amount of RAM • Operating System • Startup computer three times, measure in seconds • Go to course website for more info and form