Children the Early Years Chapter 5 - Pregnancy

1. Children the Early YearsChapter 5 - Pregnancy

2. Terminology Prenatal development Trimester Embed/Implant Quickening Placenta Ovum Ovaries Fetus Germinal stage Embryonic stage Fetal stage • Age of viability • Amnion • Cervix • Chorion • Conception • Embryo • Umbilical cord • Uterus • Zygote • Menstrual cycle • Ovulation

3. The average menstrual cycle is 28 to 32 days. • Some women have longer or shorter cycles, so the exact timing of ovulation can vary. • Here's an overview of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle. The Menstrual Cycle http://www.webmd.com/baby/healthtool-ovulation-calculator

4. Day 1: Your cycle begins on the first day of blood flow. Days 2-14 Follicular Phase: The follicles on your ovary become active, and your cervical mucus starts to thin. Day 14: Ovulation occurs mid-cycle, but can vary from between Day 11 and Day 21 of a woman's cycle. Rising estrogen levels trigger the follicle to ovulate and release an egg. http://www.webmd.com/baby/healthtool-ovulation-calculator

5. Days 15-22 Luteal Phase After releasing the egg, the follicle produces progesterone, which thickens the lining of the uterus for implantation. Days 23 to 24 Implantation of a fertilized egg can take place. At this point, hormones produced by pregnancy may be detected by a pregnancy test. Days 25 to 28 If pregnancy does not occur, your hormone levels begin to fall. The uterine lining sheds, resulting in your period. http://www.webmd.com/baby/healthtool-ovulation-calculator

6. OMG!! There’s An App for That

8. Common Sign of Ovulation that occur in Most Women -- Change in cervical fluid. Cervical fluid that resembles “egg whites” is a sign that you are near ovulation or are ovulating. --Change In basal body temperature: The lowest body temperature in a 24-hour period. As you get closer to ovulation, you may have a slight decline, but it will be followed by a sharp increase after ovulation. The increase in temperature is the sign that ovulation has just occurred. Your temperature will rise 0.4 to 0.8° F on the first day of ovulation. • Light spotting • Slight cramping or pain on one side of the pelvis • Breast tenderness • Abdominal bloating • Increased sex drive • Heightened sense of smell, taste or vision

9. Pregnancy is the process through which a new human preparation to enter the world. • This process begins with conception. • The prenatal period, from conception is birth, last about 280 days (9 months) and is the shortest stage in the lifespan. • This formative (shaping) stage is also the most critical time for a child’s development. • Good prenatal care reduces the risks of complications.

10. Presumptive signs of pregnancy: • Menstruation stops • Mom experiences nausea and vomiting • Constipation and/or dizziness • Mom is tired • Mom feels the need to urinate often • The breasts swell and become very tender • Exhaustion • Mood swings

11. Positive signs determined by a doctor: • HCG hormone is found in the Mom’s blood • Doctor can hear the fetal heartbeat • Doctor and mom can detect fetal movement Gynecologist – well woman care Obstetrician – pregnant woman care

12. Obstetrician (OB) visits • The first visit to the OB should be when Mom thinks she is pregnant or receives a positive result with a home pregnancy test. • The due date is calculated • Mom should visit the OB once a month for 6 months, then twice a month for 2 months and then once a week the last month until delivery.

13. OB visits During this visit the OB will collect some baseline statistics. • her age • weight • health history • blood pressure • pulse

14. Mom’s age is important • Mother’s age at the time of pregnancy can be a factor of risk. The ideal age is 21 – 28 years old. • Younger or older women are considered High-Risk. • High Risk pregnancies can result in premature births, low birth weight, disabilities and still-born infants.

15. Figure 5.1 Conception occurs when the sperm and ovum unite to create a zygote. • Life begins with the joining (conception) of two separate germ cells - one from the female & one from the male. • Ovum is the female sex cell. • Sperm is the male sex cell. • Zygote is a single cell.

16. The Female Role • Before her own birth, the female produces and stores ova (eggs) in her ovaries (female reproductive glands). • Inside the ovary, the ovum is stored in a small sac called a follicle. • Around the middle of the menstrual cycle, one ovum is released from the follicle, and the other follicles that were growing become inactive. • The release of the ovum from the ovary is called ovulation.

17. The fallopian tubes are two hollow tubes that extend from the right and left sides of the uterus. • Once inside the fallopian tube, the ovum moves very slowly down the tube. • The uterus is the organ in which the baby develops and is protected until birth. • The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that connects the uterus to the vagina, or birth canal.

19. The vagina is very “elastic” organ • It’s small enough to hold a tampon in place but can expand enough to pass a child through. • The walls of it have rogue (they fold together to collapse when unused, then expand when necessary). Tampon Newborn baby Resource: WebMD

20. Fun Facts About the Vagina! The Vagina • Unstimulated range from 2.75in. -- 3¼ inches in length • Aroused, it increase to 4.25 in. -- 4.75 inches in length Prolapsed Vagina can fall out of place after child birth due. Uterus, bladder and other organs descend out of the vagina. Resource: WebMD

21. The Male’s Role • Unlike a female who has all of her ova at birth, a male’s testes (reproductive glands) do not produce sperm until the body is capable of reproduction. • Sperm production continue throughout his lifetime. Semen, a liquid which contains over 300 million sperm, enters the female’s body during intercourse. • The sperm leaves the male’s penis and enters the female’s vagina.

22. These sperm travel from the vagina through the cervix and the uterus to reach the fallopian tube. • The sperm’s journey to the ovum lasts only minutes, and many sperm do not survive. • Only 300 to 500 reach the fallopian tube.

23. Conception usually occurs when the ovum is less than one-third of the way down the fallopian tube. The sperm approach the ovum and try to break through its surface. • Only one sperm successfully enters, or fertilizes the egg. Once one sperm is accepted, no other sperm can enter the ovum. • Conception has occurred, and the zygote forms.

24. Mom’s weight gain • The mom’s overall health affects the outcome of the pregnancy. • A healthy mom with a good diet, weight gain of 25 – 35 pounds • Appropriate exercise is most desirable.

25. Emotional health • Unborn babies can detect maternal stress. • Prolonged, severe and frequently stress may result in a more difficult delivery, smaller, fussier and quite active babies. • Pregnant women need lots of emotional support and understanding during their pregnancy.

26. What is a Trimester? • Period of gestation or pregnancy is divided into 3 trimesters – each about 3 months long • First trimester – conception till 12 weeks pregnant. Usually women find out they’re pregnant between 6 – 8 weeks along

27. Germinal Stage • Conception marks the beginning of the first stage of prenatal development, the germinal stage. • Once conception occurs, the fertilized egg (zygote) remains a single cell for about 30 hours before the zygote starts to divide.

28. Germinal stage: 1st two weeks of life The fertilized egg (zygote) divides into a sac of multiple cells • 12 days after conception the zygote finds its way into the uterus and attaches (imbeds or implants) itself to the uterine wall • The chorion (the outer bag) and the amnion (the inner bag filled with fluid that the baby floats in ) form around the baby

29. The placenta develops and attaches to the uterus.It is an organ filled with blood vessels, develops against the wall of the uterus. As the placenta develops, it will nourish the baby, remove the baby’s wastes, exchange gases between mother and baby, and provide the baby with needed hormones.

30. The umbilical cord grows out of the baby from the site of what will become his naval and attaches to the placenta. The cord has 3 blood vessels. These 3 vessels nourish the baby, bring it necessary hormones, exchange gases between mother and child and it also removes wastes.

31. baby’s organs and limbs are forming • this time is the greatest risk of miscarriage; • fetus can move, swallow and urinate

32. Embryonic Stage The 2nd stage of prenatal development is the embryonic stage, which last six weeks. The baby is called an embryo. The most critical stage, most of the body systems develop during this time. The mother passes good and harmful substances to the baby through the umbilical cord which can affect the baby for LIFE. Bone instead of cartilage forms.

33. Fetal Stage • The fetal stage of prenatal development begins nine weeks after conception. The baby is referred to as a fetus. • Morning sickness and exhaustion are gone! • Heartbeat can be heard at 16 weeks. Movements is called quickening. First time mothers can feel movement during weeks 18-20 and weeks 15-17 for mothers who’ve been pregnant before. Mom should report first movement to OB. Age of viability the time from when a baby can survive if born early. Begins as early as 23 weeks.

34. Baby will lengthen from 4 to 12 inches and grow to about 1 ¼ lbs. As baby’s size increases and mom begins to • The baby’s size increases and mom begins to “show” • The fetus will sleep, wake, stretch, kick, move and hiccup.

35. 3rd trimester week 28 – 40 • The baby will grow rapidly gaining ½ lb. a week and reaches about 20 inches in total length. • bone begins to replace the cartilage • All body parts mature • A fetus can suck its thumb! • Mom’s cervix begins to soften as baby shifts into position-Lightening. • Vernix (cheesy coating) and Lanugo (fur)develop

36. http://www.online-sciences.com/the-living-organisms/what-is-the-stages-of-embryo-fetus-development/http://www.online-sciences.com/the-living-organisms/what-is-the-stages-of-embryo-fetus-development/

37. Inside PregnancyBabyCenter on YouTube • Week 1-9 • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-1-to-9_10302602.bc • Week 10-14 • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-10-to-14_10308108.bc • Week 15-20 • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-15-to-20_10308111.bc • Week 21-27 • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-21-to-27_10312242.bc • Week 28-37 • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-weeks-28-to-37_3658874.bc

38. STOP HERE!!!

39. Lesson 5.2 Factors That Affect the Unborn Baby

40. Key Terms • AIDS • Chromosomal disorders • Chromosomes • Diabetes • Dominate traits • Down syndrome • Environmental factors • Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) • Genetic disorder • Genetic factors • HIV • Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) • Recessive traits • Rh factor • Rubella • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) • Abnormalities • Botanist • Exert • Exponentially • Vulnerable

41. Ammiocentesis

42. Lesson 5.2 – Guided Notes Write the questions on your paper and answer as you take notes. • What are the roles of the genome and epigenome in determining a person’s genetic blueprint? • What was Mendel’s contribution to developing the laws of heredity? • Explain why knowing one is a carrier of a recessive trait is important. • Explain the difference between a genetic and chromosomal disorder. Which is more serious and why? • List the environmental factors that have the potential to harm a fetus. • Describe how a mother’s emotional health can affect her fetus.

43. At the moment the sperm enters the egg, the baby forms traits from both the mother and father. • These inherited traits, including any disorders, are merged into a unique new person with influences the child’s growth and development throughout life.

44. Genetic Factors • Genetic factors are a person’s inherited traits passed to him or her through the parents’ genes at conception. • Each parent genes combine to make a blueprint which is the genome. • The epigenome, turns the gene on/off and alters how the gene may function throughout life. • The child will look like family members and have interests, abilities and personalities similar to other family members.

45. During the prenatal period, the genetic blueprint also gives the cells instructions for family-like traits that will unfold throughout life. • Some people genes lead them to lose hair. • Heredity causes each person to be different. http://www.bioethics.com/genetic-ethics

46. Heredity and Genetics • Everyone begin life as a single celled zygote. • The nucleus, or center of this cell contains a set of instructions to build a living being. • These directions are written in what scientist call a genetic code which is stored in DNA. • DNA is a chemical compound found in threadlike structures called chromosomes.

47. Inside pregnancy: Your baby's DNA • BabyCenter Video • http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-your-babys-dna_10354440.bc

48. Chromosomes and Genes • Each human baby receives a total of 46 chromosomes. 23 from each parent. • When the ovum and sperm meet in fertilization, the single zygote will have 46 chromosomes. • This is what makes each person unique. • These genes work together to determine the child’s specific traits.

49. Dominate and Recessive Traits • Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) discovered the original laws of heredity. • He was a botanist (person who studies plant life) from Austria. • Laws of Heredity are based on dominate and recessive traits.

50. Dominate traits are always expressed in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for that trait. • Recessive traits are not typically expressed in a person unless both genes for the trait inherited. • A person who inherits only one recessive gene for a trait becomes a carrier of that trait.