Cell Parts Cell Transport Photosynthesis

1. Cell PartsCell TransportPhotosynthesis March 2009 SharaDluhos Honors & Pre-AP Biology

2. Cytoplasm Cell membrane Prokaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Cell Types • Prokaryotes • No nucleus • Contain genetic material • Eukaryotes • Nucleus present • Contain genetic material

3. Plant Animal Eukaryote

4. Organelles Nucleus – contains cells DNA & controls cell functions Cell wall – provides support & protection for the cell

5. Organelles Mitochondria – convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use Chloroplast – convert sunlight into chemical energy during photosynthesis

6. Organelles • Cell membrane – regulates what enters and leaves the cell; provides protection & support; maintains cells homeostasis • Homeostasis – process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

7. Cell Membrane • Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to reach equilibrium

8. Cell Membrane • Osmosis – diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (high to low) • http://molo.concord.org/database/activities/23.html • Hypertonic – more water inside the cell than outside (water moves out) • Hypotonic – more water on outside of the cell than inside the cell (water moves in) • Isotonic – equal amount of water inside and outside of the cell (water moves in & out at the same rate)

9. Osmotic Pressure

10. Endocytosis – taking material into the cell by means of infoldings of the cell membrane Phagocytosis – extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole Molecule Transportation

11. Pinocytosis – tiny pockets form along cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell Exocytosis – vacuole membrane fuses with the cell membrane forcing contents out of the cell Molecule Transportation

12. Photosynthesis • Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen and carbohydrates such glucose. • Takes place inside chloroplasts • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • Carbon dioxide + water  sugar + oxygen

13. Photosynthesis

14. QUIZ 1

15. Which of these is a hypothesis that can be tested through experimentation? (Apr 03 10th B.2 (A) #6) A Bacterial growth increases exponentially as temperature increases. B A fish’s ability to taste food is affected by the clarity of aquarium water. C Tadpoles’ fear of carnivorous insect larvae increases as the tadpoles age. D The number of times a dog wags its tail indicates how content the dog is.

16. 2. The diagram shows different parts of a human sperm cell. Which part of the cell is most likely specialized for mobility? April 06 10th B.4 (B) #5 A Q B R C S D T

17. 3. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s — April 10th B.4 (B) #27 A mitochondria B chloroplasts C plastids D lysosomes

18. 4. The picture shows the results of a demonstration using the simple water plant Elodea. When the setup was placed in strong light, a space gradually appeared above the water in the graduated cylinder containing the plant. The gas in the space above the water was mostly — Oct 2005 Exit B.2 (D) # 8) A oxygen B carbon dioxide C hydrogen D nitrogen

19. 5. A science class is conducting an experiment that produces noxious fumes. Because of inadequate ventilation, some students begin to feel nauseated and dizzy. The first response should be to — (Grade 11 2003; B.1-A) A neutralize the acid that is reacting to produce the noxious fumes B carry the reactants outside, away from other students C leave the room and go to an area with fresh air D spray the reaction with a fire extinguisher

20. 6. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites? (Grade 11 2004A; B.4-B) A Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does. B Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration. C Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. D Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.

21. 7. The picture above shows a compound microscope. What part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide? (Oct 05 #31; Apr 06 # 43 Ex B.2 (A)) A Eyepiece B Rotating nosepiece C Diaphragm D Coarse-focus knob

22. Kidneys and DialysisProteins and other large molecules cannot move through the membranes of healthy kidneys. The presence of large molecules in urine is an indication of unhealthy kidneys. Dialysis is a medical treatment that does the work of falling kidneys. In dialysis, an artificial membrane impermeable to large molecules is used. Dialysis lowers protein levels in urine. 8. The box contains some facts about kidneys and dialysis. Which of the following best explains why dialysis works? — (Apr 06 Ex B.4 (B) # 8) F Dialysis reduces the size of proteins. G Proteins are dissolved by urine. H Dialysis filters proteins from solution. J Proteins transport membrane fragments.

23. 9. The table shows the results of growing a yeast culture in a 5% glucose solution. The number of bubbles produced was used to indicate the extent of respiration by the yeast. If all other factors are held constant, how many bubbles should be produced in Tube 3 after 4 minutes? (Oct 05 Ex B.2 (C) #17) A 20 B 24 C 27 D 36

24. QUIZ 2

25. The picture shows an experiment designed to investigate Biochemical activity in a water plant in a dark room. Over time, bubbles can be easily observed and counted as they escape from the funnel. The number of bubbles is an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis. Which of these data tables best reflects the expected results of this experiment? (Jul 06 Ex B.2 (A) #3)

26. 2. The picture shows the results of a demonstration using the simple water plant Elodea. When the setup was placed in strong light, a space gradually appeared above the water in the graduated cylinder containing the plant. The gas in the space above the water was mostly — Oct 2005 Exit B.2 (D) # 8) A oxygen B carbon dioxide C hydrogen D nitrogen

27. 3. When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg? (Grade 11 2003; B.4-B) A Coagulation B Sodium pump C Active transport D Osmosis

28. 4. The picture above shows a compound microscope. What part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide? (Oct 05 #31; Apr 06 # 43 Ex B.2 (A)) A Eyepiece B Rotating nosepiece C Diaphragm D Coarse-focus knob

29. 5. The Greek scholar Aristotle studied plants. He believed that plants obtain everything they need from the soil. Current understanding does not support this belief. Which of the following would least likely be absorbed from the soil? — (Dec 05 Ex B.4(B) #16) A Minerals B H2O C Nitrates D CO2

30. 6. The anatomy of grasshoppers is being studied in a dissection lab. Working in groups of three, students make observations using a hand lens, forceps, and a scalpel. Two of the students in the group have finished their observations. These two students may do all of the following except – (Oct 05 Exit B.1 (A) #5) A Remove goggles B review their notes C wash their hands D assist their lab partner

31. 7. Saltwater fish remove extra salt from their body by active transport through the gills. What is the result of this activity? (Jul06 Ex B.4(B) #45) A The salt becomes more chemically active. B Water balance is maintained in the blood. C The rate of energy production is decreased. D The cell membrane becomes less permeable to water.

32. 8. Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites? (Grade 11 2004A; B.4-B) A Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does. B Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration. C Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. D Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.

33. 9. The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C above the surrounding water temperature. What structures are likely to be found in relatively high concentrations in the cells of this organ? (Oct 05 Exit B.4(B) #19) A Chromosomes B Mitochondria C Nuclei D Ribosomes

34. QUIZ 3

35. A De-Icing ExperimentSome species of plants that commonly grow near roadways are used in an experiment. The plant species are divided into control groups and experimental groups. All groups are grown under identical conditions except that the experimental groups are given daily applications of a de-icing solution that is used on roadways in winter. At the end of one month, the growth of the control and experimental groups is compared. • Which of the following is the most likely hypothesis for the experiment described above? (Jul 06 Ex B.2 (A) #5) A Vegetation that grows near roadways requires more water than vegetation in other areas. B De-icing solution causes roadways to have more space for vegetation. C Vegetation near roadways changes the effectiveness of de-icing solution. D De-icing solution affects some types of vegetation that grow near roadways

36. 2. Which of these is a characteristic of body cells that require large amounts of energy? (July 2006 Exit B 4 (B) #23) A They have a large number of mitochondria B They have a supplementary Y chromosome. C They have a two-layer membrane. D They have a storage area for albumin proteins.

37. 3. The table shows the results of growing a yeast culture in a 5% glucose solution. The number of bubbles produced was used to indicate the extent of respiration by the yeast. If all other factors are held constant, how many bubbles should be produced in Tube 3 after 4 minutes? (Oct 05 Ex B.2 (C) #17) A 20 B 24 C 27 D 36

38. 4. Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise? F Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane G Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration H Water and starch volumes being the same J Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

39. 5. The picture above shows a compound microscope. What part of the microscope should be used to adjust the amount of light illuminating a prepared slide? (Oct 05 #31; Apr 06 # 43 Ex B.2 (A)) A Eyepiece B Rotating nosepiece C Diaphragm D Coarse-focus knob

40. 6. The diagram shows cell division in which an error has occurred. Which of these statements is most accurate? (Oct 05 Ex B.4(B) #23) A Cell A lacks the cytoplasm necessary to continue normal cell functions. B Cell B contains enough genetic material for the cell to reproduce itself. C Cell A is free of any mutation present in the genetic material of the parent cell. D Cell B lacks instructions for making the proteins necessary for cell metabolism.

41. 7. Classification symbols for certain fire extinguishers are shown below. Which class of fire extinguisher should be used when a hot plate overheats and catches on fire? (Grade 11 2004J; B.1-A)

42. 8. Which of these is a characteristic of body cells that require large amounts of energy? (July 2006 Exit B 4 (B) #23) A They have a large number of mitochondria. B They have a supplementary Y chromosome. C They have a two-layer membrane. D They have a storage area for albumin proteins.

43. 9. Similar sprigs of elodea were placed in four test tubes. Each test tube contained water with a different concentration of salt ranging from 0 to 3 percent. The length of each sprig was measured after 10 days. Which of these questions can best be answered with this experimental setup? (Feb 06 Ex B.2 (A) #54) A Can the amount of salt in the water help elodea avoid disease? B What happens to salt as elodea uses water? C Will elodea increase the amount of salt in the water? D Does the amount of salt in the water affect elodea growth?