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Animals in the Oceans. Kingdom Animalia Marine . Phylum Porifera. These are sponges which live in clear, shallow ocean waters around the world. The adults are sessile (fixed in place). They are filter-feeders of small microorganisms and bits of organic matter.
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Phylum Porifera • These are sponges which live in clear, shallow ocean waters around the world. • The adults are sessile (fixed in place). • They are filter-feeders of small microorganisms and bits of organic matter. • They are usually hermaphrodites :Each individual produces sperm and eggs. • Larvae live as meroplankton.
Phylum Cnidaria • Class Hydrozoa live as dense colonies of polyps. The adults are usually sessile and the larvae are meroplankton. • Portuguese Man-of-War looks like a jellyfish but is actually a colony. Fish are trapped by special stinging tentacles which poison the prey and digested by the feeding polyps.
Phylum Cnidaria • Class Scyphozoa are called jellyfish. • The sexes are separate. The larvae are sessile polyps which undergo asexual budding to produce medusae. • These medusae mature into adult jellyfish which are drifters (meroplankton). Their mouths are located on the underside surrounded by tentacles.
Phylum Cnidaria • Class Anthozoa are the corals and anemones which exist only as polyps. • Anemones live in tide pools and shallow coastal waters. • Corals are colonial polyps which secrete limestone walls made of calcium carbonate. All can feed with tentacles but most live with symbiotic algae. • These form coral atolls (islands) and barrier reefs in warm ocean waters.
Phylum Mollusca • This taxon includes the squid, clams, mussels, snails and slugs. • There are about 100,000 species. • They share a basic body plan: a fleshy foot and mantle and a shell (or its remnants). • They range is size from minute to 18 m in length (the giant North Atlantic squid).
Phylum Mollusca • Class Polyplacophora are called chitons. • Chitons have a shell composed of eight simple plates. • These are slow-moving organisms which creep along over the bottom of tide pools and graze on algae as they go.
Phylum Mollusca • Class Gastropoda includes snails and their relatives. • The name means “stomach foot”. • During its development, a snail’s body undergoes torsion (twisting) caused by uneven muscle growth. • Some have beautiful shells and others are shell-less such as the nudibranch and slug.
Phylum Mollusca • Class Bivalvia have two hinged shells which is closed by powerful muscles. • These are mostly filter-feeders using mucus to trap small particles of food from the water. • Some bivalves are mussels, scallops, oysters and clams.
Phylum Mollusca • Class Cephalopoda include the squid, octopus, cuttlefish and nautilus. • The name means “head-foot”. • The squid and cuttlefish have a reduced internal shell. All have well developed eyes. • They are active predators feeding on fast-moving invertebrates and vertebrates. • Their foot is modified into tentacles with suckers and the mouth has a beak for tearing and ripping food. They are the most intelligent invertebrates.
Phylum Annelida • Class Polychaeta are segmented marine worms. • Some are active swimmers while others live inside burrows and tubes. • Most are particle feeders trapping minute plankton and loose material in cilia or mucus-covered tentacles. • The sexes are separate releasing eggs and sperm into the water to fertilise. The larvae become part of the meroplankton.
Phylum Arthropoda • There are over 900,000 species of arthropods which have been described. About a million more are left to identify. • Arthropod means “jointed feet (legs)”. • They have exoskeletons, jointed bodies and to grow, they must molt. • They are a very successful phylum filling a large variety of niches, and large numbers of offspring.
Subphylum Crustacea • Subphylum Crustacea includes crab, lobster, shrimp, copepods and barnacles. • Their larvae may have an entirely different diet than the adults. Marine forms are benthos and plankton.
Phylum Arthropoda • Trilobites were extinct marine arthropods. • Many of the marine forms are very important because microscopic crustaceans compose most of the plankton. • Subphylum Chelicerata includes the horseshoe crabs and sea spiders.
Phylum Echinodermata • These are the ‘spiny-skinned” animals. • The larvae have bilateral symmetry but the adults have a five-part radial construction. • They are exclusively marine and brackish (estuarine) water animals. • They have numerous tube feet which are moved by hydraulic pressure.
Phylum Echinodermata • Class Stelleroidea are seastars (starfish) and brittle stars. • They are slow-moving predators which each bivalves such as oysters. • The seastar can regenerate any of its arms. An arm, as long as a bit of the central disk is attached, can regenerate the entire animal.
Phylum Echinodermata • Class Echinoidea includes the sea urchins and sand dollars. • Sea urchins can overgraze areas of the seafloor if not kept in check by their predators. Now sea urchin roe is a sushi delicacy. • Other classes include the brittle stars and sea cucumbers.
Phylum Chordata • This group of animals is diverse and includes humans. • All chordates have gill slits (sometimes only in the embryo), tubular nerve cords, a notochord (in the embryo) and a postanal tail. • Members of the subphylum Vertebrata all have backbones.
Phylum Chordata • The Class Amphibia contains the frogs, toads and salamanders. • There are NO MARINE AMPHIBIANS!
Class Chondrichthyes • Class Chondrichthyes includes the sharks and rays whose skeletons are made of cartilage. • Fertilization is internal but embryo development varies among species.
Class Osteichthyes • Class Osteichthyes means “bony fish”. • They are not closely related to sharks and rays. • In most bony fish, fertilization is external and large numbers of eggs are released into the environment.
Class Reptilia • Class Reptilia includes sea snakes and turtles, marine iquanas and saltwater crocodiles. They are ectothermic. • Some lay eggs on land such as the crocodiles and turtles. Sea snakes give birth to live young. • They are all air breathing but spend most of their lives in the salt water.
Class Aves • These are birds all of which have feathers. • They are endothermic. • Fertilization is internal and all lay eggs on land. • There are a large number of shorebirds which prey on fish and other marine creatures. These include seagulls, ospreys, and the like. • Some birds can dive such as cormorants, terns, salt water ducks and penquins.
Class Mammalia • These are animals which have hair and produce milk. • They are endotherms and are air-breathing. • Fertilization is internal and they have live young. • Marine mammals include dolphins, porpoises and whales. Seals, sea lions, and walrus are called pinnepeds.
