Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms

1. EnvironmentalEffects OF Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms PreparedbySeval Gunes

2. Content • Cyanobacteria • Harmful CyanobacterialBloom • Ways to Remove the CyanoHABs from Water • Biological Methods • Technical Methods

3. Cyanobacteria • Cyanobacteria=Blue-green algae, Myxophyceans, Cyanophyceans, and Cyanoprokaryotes • Found in a various ecosystems • Gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes • Diverse in colors: red, brown, reddish-brown, yellow-green, green and blue-green • Morphology : unicellular, colonial and multicellular filamentous forms • Primary producers • Need carbon dioxide, inorganic substances, light and water to live • Obtain energy from photosynthesis

4. Cyanobacteria • The world’s oldest known photosynthetic organisms with fossil remains dating back (stromatolites) ~3.5 billion years • Theyarefound in Stromatolites

5. Cyanobacteria • Some characteristics of bacteria and some of algae • Uniqueamong the bacteria in that they contain chlorophyll, and, therefore, are most likely the ancestors of true algae • Do not have chloroplast organelles like microalgae have in their cells. Cyanobacterial chlorophyll pigments are located in thylakoids lying free in the cytoplasm. Chlorophyll

6. CyanobacterialBloomsConditions and Reasons for Blooms • In the late summer and the early autumn • Slow moving, non-turbulent aquatic systems • Over-abundance of natural and anthropogenic sources of nutrient such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) • Natural sources: leaf decay in the rivers, and natural forest fires • Anthropogenic sources: industrial effluents, agriculture runoffs, and leaky septic systems • Building of dams in rivers

7. Cyanobacteria • N2 is seldom limiting; many bloom-forming Cyanobacteria with special structures, called heterocysts, can fix atmospheric N2

8. HarmfulCyanobacterialBlooms • Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, and Nostoc species of Cyanobacteriaareabletoproduce toxinsto resist being eaten bypredators • Microcystins (MCs) are the most world-widely distributed cyanotoxins • AminoacidAdda is responsible for toxicity • Inhibition of the catalytic units of several types of serine/threonineprotein phosphatases

9. CyanoHABs • Decreasein biodiversity • Affect on food chain in the water ecosystems. • Harmfuleffects to human, plants and animals by participating in drinking water, and plant irrigation water • Ingestion of cyanotoxinsinduces serious animal and human health problems, including liver, digestive and skin diseases, neurological impairment, and can end up with death

11. Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms • The possible eutrophication process depending on the effects of cyanobacterial blooms • Increase in nutrientsources in the water • Increase in toxic cyanobacterial species on the surface of water • Decrease in other algae species and aquatic plants due to the lack penetration of light to the body and bottom of water • Oxygen depletion in the water body ( Cynanobacteria on the water surface give most of the oxygen which they produce to the atmosphere.) • Decrease in biodiversity in that water ecosystem due to the lack of nutrient and dissolved oxygen concentration in the water • Increase in fish kills and loss of desirable fish species • Decrease in aesthetic value of water body • Color, odour and water treatment problems • Animal and human health problems rising from toxic water

12. !!! CyanoHABs are worldwide problems Lake Volkerak, the Netherlands Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA Lake Taihu,China St. Johns River, Florida, USA Lake Ponchartrain, Louisiana, USA Baltic Sea-Gulf of Finland

13. Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms • CyanoHABs cause rising in water temperature • Lake IJsselmeer, the Netherlands, CyanoHABs induce locally 3°C increase in the water temperature compared with surrounding non-bloomed surface water (Ibelings et. al) • Thetemperatureincrease can be linkedwith global warming • Theintenseabsorption of lightbychlorophyllpigments

14. WaystoRemoveCyanoHABs • Several methods for the protection of water have been developed against the eutrophication process. • Although, completely isolated, and purified inflow of point sources is the most effective way to protection water bodies against eutrophication, biological and technical methods are good alternatives to protect water bodies against pollution from point sources. Biological Methods • In the aquatic ecosystems, the excessive amount of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds, causing toxic algal blooms in water, are removed when animals and plants are removed from pelagic water. • Biomanipulation

15. TechnicalMethods • Inactivation of the biogenic compounds in the bottom sediment layer • Spreading clay on cyanobacterialbloom

16. Conclusion • CyanoHABsinfluence both on morbidity and mortality by polluting the human drinking waterand irrigation water supplies, and fisheries • The awareness of the hazards of CyanoHABsis required. • Development of new methods to protect water bodies from harmful blooms is required • Completely removing of cyanobacterial blooms rather than just decreasing of the blooms (without any disruptions to ecological balances) • More serious regulations are required

17. References • 1- Schopf, J.W. “The fossil record: tracing the roots of the cyanobacterial lineage”. In The Ecology of Cyanobacteria. Whitton, B.A., and Potts, M. (eds). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2000) pp. 13–35. • 2- Paerl, Hans W., and JefHuisman. "Climate Change: a Catalyst for Global Expansion of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms." Environmental Microbiology Reports 1.1 (2009) pp:27-37 • 3- Chorus, Ingrid, and Jamie Bartram. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring, and Management. London: E & FN Spon, 1999 • 4- Mankiewicz, Joanna, MalgorzataTarczyn'ska, Zofia Walter, and MaciejZalewski. "Natural Toxins From Cyanobacteria." ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 45/2 (2003):pp: 9-20. • 5- Hoehn, Robert C. "TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE): AN EMERGING CONCERN." Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Director:Water Treatment Technology, Black & Veatch Kansas City, Missouri 64114 (Date is unknown): 1-20 • 6- Stomp, M., Huisman, J., Vörös, L., Pick, F.R., Laamanen, M., Haverkamp, T., and Stal, L.J. (2007) “Colourful coexistence of red and green picocyanobacteria in lakes and seas”. Ecology Letters 10. pp:290–298. • 7-Vasconcelos, Vitor. "Eutrophication, Toxic Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: When Ecosystems Cry for Help." Limnetica, 25(1-2), (2006) pp:425-432. • 8-Downing, John A., Susan B. Watson, and Edward McCauley. "Predicting Cyanobacteria Dominance in Lakes." Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Vol. 58, (2001) pp:1905-908 • 9-Saqran, Sana, and BrahimOudra. "CyanoHAB Occurrence and Water Irrigation Cyanotoxin Contamination: Ecological Impacts and Potential Health Risk." Toxin 2009,1 ISSN 2072-6651 (2009). pp:113-22 • 10-Ibelings, B.W., Vonk, M., Los, H.F.J., Van derMolen, D.T., and Mooij, W.M. “Fuzzy modeling of cyanobacterial surface waterblooms: validation with NOAA-AVHRR satellite images”. Ecol Applications- 13, (2003), pp: 1456–1472. • 11-Balcerzak, W. "The Protection of Reservoir Water against the EutrophicationProces." Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 15, No. 6 (2006), pp: 837-84. • 12-Senqco, Mario R., and WHOI Science Writer Amy E. Nevala. "A Fatal Attraction for Harmful Algae : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution."  Home :Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 14 January 2005. <http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=11913&tid=282&cid=2491>

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