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Earth, Sun, and Moon

Earth, Sun, and Moon. Pgs. 23-28 What you need to know. Radiation (or light) is a tool scientists use to study the objects in our solar system. There are different types of radiation: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV light, x-rays, and gamma rays.

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Earth, Sun, and Moon

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  1. Earth, Sun, and Moon Pgs. 23-28 What you need to know.

  2. Radiation (or light) is a tool scientists use to study the objects in our solar system. • There are different types of radiation: radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV light, x-rays, and gamma rays. • Scientists use telescopes: Refracting and reflecting • Interferometry is linking telescopes together so they act as one. • Because Earth’s atmosphere blocks infrared, UV, X and gamma rays scientists have to send satellites and probes to space Tools of Astronomy

  3. Soviet Union launched first satellite to the moon (Sputnik I) • Albedo is the amount of sunlight the moon reflects • No erosion because no atmosphere • Highlands-light, mountainous regions • Maria- dark, smooth plains • All craters that have hit the moon are impact craters • Ejecta- material blasted out after an impact crater • Rilles- valley like structures in the Maria The Moon

  4. Age of moon between 3.8 and 4.6 billion years • Believe that Moon was heavily bombarded first 800 million years • Regolith- loose, ground up rock that built up after the multiple impacts • Moon has layered structure (Crust, mantle, and core) so it can have moonquakes History of the Moon

  5. First theory-rock got caught in Earth’s pull and formed into the moon (capture theory) • Problem- compositions of earth and moon too similar • Second Theory-simultaneous theory says that earth and moon formed around same time • Third theory- impact theory says Earth hit a Mars sized object and the ejecta from that impact formed the moon Formation Theories

  6. Ecliptic-the plane in which Earth orbits about the Sun. • Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees • Sumer solstice-sun is directly ahead of the tropic of cancer (June 21) • Winter solstice- sun is directly over the tropic of Capricorn (December 21) • Equinoxes- autumnal and vernal. Days are of equal length to nights Sun-Earth-Moon System Annual Motions

  7. You should have a chart that looks similar to the one below: Phases of the Moon

  8. Tides-bulges of ocean water on near and far sides of surface • Neap tides-lower that normal tides; moon is at a right angle to the sun • Spring tides-Earth nearest the Sun and Moon is nearest the Earth • Eclipses-alignment of Earth, Sun, and Moon • Solar eclipse-moon passes directly between the sun and earth • Lunar eclipse-Earth passes between Sun and Moon Motions of the Moon

  9. You need to have several illustrations in your notebook. The first is an illustration of the phases of the moon. You also need to have an illustration that depicts the solstices and equinoxes. The last is an illustration of each type of eclipse. Open Page

  10. Our Solar System Pg. 29

  11. Early astronomers assumed that the Sun, planets, and stars orbited a stationary Earth. • Called the geocentric model • Means “Earth centered” Early Ideas

  12. Scientists couldn’t account for why most planets moved to the east but one would move toward the west. • Called that phenomenon retrograde motion. • Nicolaus Copernicus suggested the Sun was in the middle of the solar system • Heliocentric model • Explained retrograde motion (inner planets move faster than outer planets) New Model

  13. Said each planet orbits the Sun in a plane called an ellipse (first law). • Ellipse is centered on two points (called foci) instead of one like a circle. • The major axis passes through the foci of the ellipse. • The semi-major axis is half the length of the major axis. • Semi-major axis is the average distance between the sun and a planet. • Average distance is measured in astronomical units or AU (1.496 x 108km) Kepler’s Laws

  14. Major Axis

  15. When a planet is closest to the sun, it is at perihelion • When a planet is farthest away, it is at aphelion • Eccentricity is the ratio of the distance between the foci to the length of the major axis. • Eccentricity ranges between 0 and 1. 0 is a perfect circle, 1 is a very elongated oval. • Most planets have an orbit that aren’t very eccentric. Eccentricity

  16. You will need a sheet of paper, push pins, cardboard, a ruler, and a pencil. Mini Lab Pg. 777Put on pg. 30 in notebook

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