Earth, Moon, and Sun

Earth, Moon, and Sun N. Sassaman – 2014 SAMS

Rotation/Revolution and Seasons p. 14-21 in textbook

Rotation/Revolution and Seasons • Use the following PowerPoint, along with your textbook, to take notes on p. 1 (Rotation vs. Revolution) and p. 3 (Seasons) of your packet. • The PowerPoint contains many links to informational websites. Some of these have sound (like BrainPOP) and some are simply animations. Please investigate the websites fully as you take notes.

How Earth Moves • Earth moves through space in two major ways: rotationand revolution. (p. 15)

Lines of Latitude North of the Equator = Northern Hemisphere South of the Equator = Southern Hemisphere

Sunlight Striking Earth’s Surface • Near the equator, sunlight strikes Earth’s surface more directly and is less spread out than near the poles. (p. 18) Click on the links below: Understanding Day and Night (rotation) Understanding seasons (revolution)

Rotation • Earth’s spinning on its axis. • Axis – imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the N and S poles. • One rotation is just under 24 hrs. • Rotation causes day and night on Earth.

Revolution • The movement of one object around another. • Orbit – the Earth’s path as it revolves around the Sun. • One revolution is 365.25 days. • Earth revolving around the Sun causes seasons.

Seasons on Earth Site 1: http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.html Site 2: (sound) http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_int_seasonsgame/ Site 3: (sound) http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/solsticeandequinox/ Username and password: SAMSSEALS Site 4: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_int_seawifs/ Earth has seasons because it is tilted as it revolves around the sun. (p. 19-21)

- Earth in Space Seasons on Earth The height of the sun above the horizon varies with the season. http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/mclass/eclipticsimulator.swf

Seasons – we live in the NORTHERN Hemisphere! • Caused by: • The TILT of the Earth • The REVOLUTION of the Earth around the Sun. • When it is one season in the Northern Hemisphere, it is the ‘opposite’ season in the Southern Hemisphere. • Summer – Winter • Fall - Spring

Summer! • The Northern Hemisphere is tilted TOWARD the Sun; Southern Hemisphere is tilted AWAY (winter for them!!) • The Sun’s rays are directly over the Tropic of Cancer (23.5⁰N latitude). • Artic Circle (North pole) has 24 hrs. of daylight; Antarctic Circle (South pole) has 24 hrs. of darkness.

Winter! • The Northern Hemisphere is tilted AWAY from the Sun; Southern Hemisphere is tilted TOWARD (summer for them!!). • The Sun’s rays are directly over the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5⁰S latitude). • Artic Circle (North pole) has 24 hrs. of darkness; Antarctic Circle (South pole) has 24 hrs. of daylight.

Spring and Fall • Equinox – mean ‘equal night’ • Both N. and S. Hemispheres receive same amount of the Sun’s energy! • The Sun’s rays are directly over the Equator (0⁰ latitude) • There are 12 hrs. of daylight and 12 hrs. of darkness in both Hemispheres.

P. 13 ‘Earth in Space’ • Winter • A – overhead; B – low in sky (horizon); C – no Sun (dark) • Sunset – Earth rotates counterclockwise • d • c • g • f • a • b • h • e

Gravity and Inertia p. 53 in textbook and p. 5 -6 in packet (summary)

Gravity and Inertia • Use the following PowerPoint, your textbook (p.53), and the summary on p. 5 in your notes to complete p.6 in your packet. • The PowerPoint contains many links to informational websites. Some of these have sound (like BrainPOP) and some are simply animations. Please investigate the websites fully as you take notes.

Gravity The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors: the masses of the objects and the distance between them.

Gravity and Inertia Newton concluded that two factors–gravity and inertia–combine to keep the moon in orbit around Earth.

Asking Questions Question Answer Gravity is the force that attracts all objects toward one another. What is gravity? Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. What is inertia?

Websites - interactive • Gravitational force between planets: http://www.science-animations.com/support-files/gravitasieplaneteb.swf • Earth-Moon system: http://www.science-animations.com/support-files/06aardemaan1.swf • Sun-Earth-Moon system: http://www.science-animations.com/support-files/07aardemaanson.swf • Your weight on other planets!http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/

Websites – videos! (need headphones) • BrainPOP – Gravity: http://www.brainpop.com/science/motionsforcesandtime/gravity/ • BrainPOP – Newton’s laws of motion: http://www.brainpop.com/science/motionsforcesandtime/newtonslawsofmotion/ UsernamE: 17870 Password: sEALS • Why doesn’t the moon fall down? http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_moonorbit/ • Gravity at Earth’s center: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/oer08_vid_gravitynsn/

Gravity and Motion (p. 6) • The force of gravity on an object is known as its weight. • All objects in the universe are attracted to all other objects. The Earth and Moon are large objects and therefore have a large gravitational pull. • Once the ball is set into motion, it will continue to move at same speed and directions unless acted upon by an outside force (friction). • The greater the distance between objects the less the force of gravity.

Gravity and Motion (p.6) • A push or pull. • Force that attracts all objects to each other. • Every object in the universe attracts every other object. • The amount of matter in an object. • The force of gravity on an object (combined with the object’s mass). • The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. • An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion with a constant speed and direction unless acted on by a force.

Phases of the Moon http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe/videos/phases-of-the-moon#phases-of-the-moon Pages 24-27 in textbook

Motions of the Moon The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth, and sun cause the phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides.

Phases of the Moon The phase of moon you see depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.

Terms for Moon Phases… • Waxing – growing in size • Waning – shrinking in size • Gibbous – more than half but less than full • Crescent – curved shape ending in points • Full – entire sunlit side faces Earth • New – sunlit side faces away from Earth • Quarter – half the sunlight side faces Earth

Websites… Visualization from Earth and Space: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2503/es2503page01.cfm Current Moon phase: http://www.die.net/moon Wonderville – Phases of the Moon: http://www.wonderville.ca/asset/phases-of-the-moon The Moon’s Phases: http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/moonphase.html Eclipses and Moon phases: http://phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/moon_phases_and_eclipses/index.html

Name that Phase…

Answers… Waxing crescent Full moon Third (last) quarter Waning crescent First quarter Waning gibbous Waxing gibbous New moon

Solar and Lunar Eclipses The following links are videos: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_totaleclipse/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_eclipse/ Pages 27-29 in textbook

The moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun. The Moon’s Orbit

A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from parts of Earth. Solar Eclipse Site 1: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2505/es2505page01.cfm Site 2: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/sites/dl/free/0072482621/78778/Eclipses_Nav.swf::Eclipse%20Interactive Site 3: http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html

During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon. Lunar Eclipse Site 1: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2504/es2504page01.cfm Site 2: http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html Sites 3 and 4: (video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuhNZejHeBg&feature=c4-overview-vl&list=PLkvNpoFIgdw8OlFRZZI_SpWjEUVuSk6VK http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcRp1jKJmJU&list=PLkvNpoFIgdw8OlFRZZI_SpWjEUVuSk6VK

Solar vs. Lunar eclipse

Tides Pages 32-33 in textbook

Tides, p. 11 in packet… • Tides • Water on the shores rises for about 6 hours until ‘high tide’, then falls for about 6 hours until ‘low tide’. • Gravity! Complete the boxes in the diagram in your notes; See next slide or p. 33 in book (Figure 10) for information!

Tides occur mainly due to the difference in the force of gravity between the moon and different parts of Earth. http://www.wiley.com/college/strahler/0471480533/animations/ch19_animations/animation3.html ; http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/motion/tides1.htm Tides

Tides, p. 11 in packet… • Differences in the moon’s pull (gravity) on different parts of the Earth (water and land). **High tide – water closes to the moon is pulled toward the moon, and water farthest away from the moon is ‘left behind’ as the Earth is pulled. **Low tide – occurs between areas of high tide.

When Earth, the sun, and the moon are in a straight line, a spring tide occurs. When the moon is at a right angle to the sun, a neap tide occurs. Spring and Neap Tides Full and New moons Site 1: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/media/supp_tide06a.html Site 2: http://www.valdosta.edu/~cbarnbau/astro_demos/tides/neap_sp.html First and Third quarter

Phases, Eclipses, and Tides, p. 15 • A – New, B – Waxing Crescent, C – First quarter, D – Full, E – Waning Gibbous, F – Third quarter. • A and D – Spring Tide; C and F – Neap Tide • Neap • Eclipse • Penumbra • Tides • Umbra • Phase • Spring • Lunar (during a Full moon!!) • Solar (during a New moon!!) • Gravity

Earth, Moon, and Sun