Structure of the cardiovascular system

1. Tasks Structure of thecardiovascular system Targets • You are going to: • Starter: why do we need a transport system in our bodies? • Blood vessels • Components of blood • Heart structure • Major circulatory routes Plenary: a day in the life of an erythrocyte review of learning & light bulbs We are learning to: • describe the components of the cardiovascular system What I’m looking for: • describe different blood vessels • label the heart • identify the major circulatory routes All Most Some Key words blood, vessels, heart, transport erythrocyte, leucocytes, plasma arteries, veins, capillaries

2. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Why do we need a transport system in our bodies?

3. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Blood vessels • There are 5 types of blood vessel: Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

4. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Arteries • These carry blood away from the heart • They have thick muscular walls as the blood is at high pressure • They have small lumens • You can feel a pulse on an artery as the walls expand and recoil following every heartbeat

5. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

6. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

7. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Veins • Veins carry blood back to the heart • The blood is at lower pressure than in arteries and veins have thinner walls with very little muscle in them • They also have valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way

8. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

9. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Capillaries • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels • Their walls are just one cell thick • There is only space for one red blood cell at a time to pass through • Oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide etc. can pass through the walls into and out of the body tissues

10. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

11. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Arterioles • Arteries divide and the vessels become smaller the further away from the heart they get • Eventually arteries join to arterioles which are small vessels with smooth muscle around them • The blood flows through them to the capillaries

12. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Venules • Capillaries join up to become venules • These vessels have a small diameter and thin walls, white blood cells can pass through them into the surrounding tissues • Venules carry blood to the veins

13. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Components of blood • The liquid part of blood is called plasma • In the plasma there are red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes) and thrombocytes which are involved in blood clotting if you cut yourself

14. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Erythocytes (red blood cells) • Small, biconcave discs • No major organelles, including nuclei • Carry lots of haemoglobin that binds to oxygen • Last for 3 months and are then broken down in the spleen, liver or bone marrow • Made in bone marrow

15. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Leucocytes (white blood cells) • There are lots of different types of leucocytes • They are all involved in the immune response • Lymphocytes make antibodies • Monocytes become macrophages and ingest pathogens • Basophils release histamine when pathogens invade

16. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system The heart • The human heart has 4 chambers • The top chambers that receive the returning blood are called atria (1 atrium) • The bottom chambers that pump the blood back out of the heart are called ventricles • The heart also has valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way when the heart pumps

17. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system The heart • There are 4 major blood vessels associated with the heart • The aorta is the artery that carries blood to the body from the heart • The vena cava is the vein that carries blood back from the body to the heart • The pulmonary arteries and veins connect the heart and lungs

18. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system The heart • The heart is made of cardiac muscle and has thick walls to withstand the pressure • The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs • The left side of the heart pumps blood to the body and is larger to generate more power and withstand the greater pressure

19. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Major circulatory routes • Look at the diagram of the major circulatory routes • See if you can identify the organs the named vessels serve e.g. we have already mentioned that the pulmonary vessels go to and from the lungs

20. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

21. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

22. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system

23. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system A day in the life of an erythrocyte • Produce a piece of creative writing that demonstrates your understanding of the different parts of the circulatory system an erythrocyte passes through. You should also include information about the function of erythrocytes.

24. Structure of the cardiovascular system • WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system I understood everything! I need more help to understand today’s work I understood most of today’s work

25. WALT: describe the components of the cardiovascular system Review of learning Today I have learned…… (WILFs): • describe different blood vessels • label the heart • identify the major circulatory routes I learned this by……… Writing? Talking? Listening? Watching? Investigating? Experimenting? Answering questions?

26. Plant transport How would you make a rainbow rose?

27. Lesson Objective: To show how the substances needed by the plant are transported around the plant. • Success ! • To relate the structure of xylem and phloem to their function (A Grade) • To explain how substances are transported around the plant. (B Grade) • To describe the process of transpiration in plants and explain the factors that effect transpiration. (A Grade)

28. Write out the word equation for photosynthesis! Symbol equation for A* / A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj8TGhcCnxs

29. Moving materials How do plants transport materials to where they are needed?

30. Which cells transport nutrients? Plants contain two types of cell adapted for transportation. Xylem cells transport water and minerals up the stem from the roots to the shoots and leaves. This transport occurs in one direction only. Phloem cells transport sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage tissues. The cells are arranged in plants as vascular bundles. Both phloem and xylem form continuous systems connecting roots, stems and leaves.

31. Inside a plant stem

32. ACTIVATE Independent work • Make a mind map showing the transport system in plants

33. What are the vessels that transport water around the plant? • What are the vessels that transport food around the plant? • In what direction do these vessels carry the substances around the plant? Xylem Phloem Phloem – both directions Xylem – from roots to leaves

34. Water loss during photosynthesis The underside of leaves have small holes called stomata. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. During photosynthesis, low carbon dioxide levels inside the plant cause guard cells to gain water and become turgid. They curve out, opening the stoma and allowing gases in and out. Water also evaporates through the stomata. High carbon dioxide levels cause the guard cells to lose water, closing the stoma and preventing further water loss. What would happen if the stomata were permanently open?

35. Leaf adaptations If the stomata were permanently open, the plant would continue to lose water until it dried up. waxy cuticle When a plant does not have enough water to spare, guard cells cannot become turgid and open the stomata. Most stomata are located on the underside of leaves, keeping them in the shade. This prevents excess evaporation when the stomata are open. stoma In order to prevent excess water loss, leaves have developed an outer waxy cuticle that prevents evaporation from cells.

36. How do tall trees get enough water? Redwoods are the tallest species of tree in the world. The tallest redwood ever measured was 120 metres tall. That is six times the height of the Angel of the North! How does a plant this size get water from its roots to the branches at the top? The water will travel up the stem, or trunk, of the tree. What experiment could show that water travels up stems?

37. Movement of water up a stem

38. What is transpiration? Plants lose water when they open the stomata in their leaves to let in carbon dioxide. A stoma can only open if there is enough water in its guard cells. This helps to prevent excessive water loss. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. Water always moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This movement of water is a type of diffusion called osmosis. Air around the plant usually contains less water than the cells of the plant, so water evaporates into the air. Although transpiration may seem bad for plants, it actually moves water from the roots to the top of the plant, without using energy. How does this work?

39. Transpiration

40. How is the rate of transpiration measured? Transpiration can be measured using a potometer. A cut plant stem is sealed into the potometer using a rubber bung. An air bubble is introduced to the capillary tube. The distance the bubble travels shows how much water the stem has taken up. This gives an indirect measurement of the rate of transpiration.

41. Independent work ACTIVATE • Make a mind map showing the process of transpiration in plants. You must include stomata, guard cells and the conditions that effect transpiration. • Complete the evidence for transport Q

42. Cartoon time • Draw a cartoon showing the journey of a water molecule as it travels through a plant! • Stages could include: • Entering the root (root hairs, osmosis) • Moving up the stem (cohesion, charges, another molecule leaving) • Entering the leaf • Other water molecules leaving, getting closer to stomata… • Factors that would make it move faster…increase transpiration

43. DEMONSTRATE Exam Question – Closed Book • Answer the exam question – 13 marks = 13 minutes

44. How did I do? • 11 - 13 marks – A* / A Fabulous you can explain how water is transported in plants and factors that can affect it • 8 – 10 – BGood You can explain how water is transported in plants and are starting to explain the factors that can affect it • 5 – 7 marks C – You need to go over how water is transported around the plant!! Just learn it!

45. Lesson Objective: To show how the substances needed by the plant are transported around the plant. • Success ! • To relate the structure of xylem and phloem to their function (A Grade) • To explain how substances are transported around the plant. (B Grade) • To describe the process of transpiration in plants and explain the factors that effect transpiration. (A Grade)

46. Plant transport How would you make a rainbow rose?

47. Choose a picture and explain how it relates to what you have learnt today

48. A, B, C or D Which will dry quickest – why????

49. A B C D

50. Which dries quickest, A or B?