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Do Now. Match above. A court reporter types out a transcript of the court proceedings. What does the underlined word mean?. RNA. Objectives. SWBAT describe the 3 types of DNA. SWBAT describe the central dogma of biology SWBAT compare transcription in the prokaryote and eukaryote.

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  1. Do Now Match above. A court reporter types out a transcript of the court proceedings. What does the underlined word mean?

  2. RNA

  3. Objectives • SWBAT describe the 3 types of DNA. • SWBAT describe the central dogma of biology • SWBAT compare transcription in the prokaryote and eukaryote.

  4. Children of the Night • Xeroderma pigmentosum • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtLtByN1mQA

  5. I. RNA Structure • RNA= ribonucleic acid • RNA is the 2nd type of nucleic acid– it is also made of millions of nucleotides

  6. DNA RNA • Double stranded • Sugar: deoxyribose • Adenine bonds to thymine • Only one type of DNA per organism • Single stranded • Sugar: ribose • No thymine! Adenine bonds instead to uracil • 3 types of RNA

  7. Types of RNA There are 3 types of RNA: • mRNA: messenger RNA, carries the information for protein synthesis • rRNA: ribosomal RNA, makes the ribosomes in the cells functional. If there is no rRNA on the ribosomes, they won’t function • tRNA: transfer RNA, takes amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to make them into proteins

  8. mRNA

  9. rRNA

  10. tRNA

  11. Practice 1 • Which type of RNA is responsible for helping bring amino acids to make proteins? • Which type of RNA makes up ribosomal subunits ? • What type of RNA is this and what is it’s function? 

  12. Function of RNA • What does RNA actually do in the cell? RNA helps make the proteins coded for by DNA • To make proteins, the cell takes DNA, copies the sequence into an RNA copy and then makes proteins. This idea is called the Central Dogma

  13. Central Dogma

  14. RNA Transcription • How is the RNA Strand Actually Made? Transcription • Transcription= when you make an RNA copy of a sequence of DNA • What enzyme is in charge of RNA transcription? RNA polymerase

  15. What nucleotide does RNA have instead of thymine? Uracil

  16. RNA Transcription • RNA transcription is very similar to DNA replication • BUT! Instead of putting a Thymine (t) next to each Adenine (A), RNA Polymerase puts a Uracil (U) there

  17. Practice • What will the RNA strand be? • DNA Strand: TAAGCGCTCG

  18. Transcription: Initiation • Step 1: Initiation RNA polymerase binds to a certain site on the DNA called the promoter and DNA strands unwind. RNA polymerase starts to make RNA. The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called the transcription unit.

  19. Transcription: Elongation • Step 2: Elongation • RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3’end of the RNA molecule. • *RNA polymerase can only add 5’  3’ • The DNA double helix reforms as RNA polymerase moves away.

  20. Transcription: Termination • Step 3: Termination A sequence eventually tells the RNA polymerase to stop. The RNA polymerase falls off, and the mRNA transcript is created!

  21. Animation • http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf

  22. Practice • A DNA template strand has the following sequence: TACGGGATT. What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from the DNA? • Arrange the flow of genetic information in the cell in order: 1. mRNA, 2. DNA, 3. protein. • Come up with a way to remember the three steps of the transcription! (picture, saying, drawing) Be prepared to share out!

  23. Where is this happening in the cell? • What’s the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  24. Differences

  25. Prokaryotic Transcription & Translation

  26. Eukaryotic mRNA modification • After transcription, pre-mRNA in the nucleus is modified at BOTH ends. • 5’ cap: adds a modified Guanine molecule, then 20-40 nucleotides • Poly-A Tail: 50-250 Adenine nucleotides are added at the 3’ end

  27. RNA Splicing • 8000 nucleotides  1200 nucleotides (average) • Introns: intervening sequences that are cut out of the pre-mRNA • Exons: regions left in pre-mRNA to be made into proteins (eventually expressed)

  28. Practice • Where does transcription happen in prokaryotic cells? • Where does transcription happen in eukaryotic cells? • Which are the introns and exons in the following picture?

  29. MIT OCW • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMr9XH64rtM

  30. Replicate: TTTT

  31. Replicate: ATCG

  32. Transcribe: CGC

  33. Transcribe: TAG

  34. Replicate: GCGCGCG

  35. Transcribe: GGTTAGC

  36. Replicate: TAATAAG

  37. Transcribe: AAA

  38. Transcribe: GGG

  39. Transcribe: ATGCG

  40. Replicate: CCGGTTAA

  41. Replicate: TATCGC

  42. Replicate: ACGGTA

  43. Replicate: TTACGA

  44. Replicate: TATAGGC

  45. Transcribe: GCGCGCG

  46. Transcribe: CCGTAT

  47. Transcribe: GTCGAG

  48. Transcribe: TACCAG

  49. RNA Translation Objectives: • SWBAT understand and describe the process of translation in the cells

  50. Central Dogma • DNA  RNA  Proteins Transcription Translation

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