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THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

THE SCIENCE OF LIFE. Reference: Modern Biology CHAPTER 1. Biology is the Study of Life! Certain ‘themes’ unify all Biological Sciences. Living things, no matter how diverse, share common characteristics. BIG IDEA. Biology - The Study of Life.

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THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

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  1. THE SCIENCE OF LIFE Reference: Modern Biology CHAPTER 1

  2. Biology is the Study of Life! Certain ‘themes’ unify all Biological Sciences. Living things, no matter how diverse, share common characteristics. BIG IDEA

  3. Biology - The Study of Life BIOLOGY-the study of all living things (organisms like plants, animals, insects, bacteria, humans). EXAMPLES of Biological Sciences: • Histology-the study cells and tissues • Genetics-the study of how traits are inherited • Microbiology-the study of microorganisms • Ecology-how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

  4. The study of Biology is unified by certain themes, or patterns that connect all living things: Cell Structure and Function Stability & Homeostasis Reproduction and Inheritance Evolution Interdependence of organisms Matter, Energy & Organization 6 Major Themes of Biology

  5. Cell Structure & Function Stability & Homeostasis Reproduction & Inheritance Evolution Interdependence of Organisms Section 1-1 unifying themes of biology Matter, Energy & Organization

  6. All organisms are made of and develop from cells – the basic unit of life. UNICELLULAR-made of only one cell (amoeba, paramecium) MULTICELLULAR-made up of many different types of cells working together (tree, spider, dog) 1. Cell structure & function

  7. Unicellular– Each new cell is identical to the parent. All developing organisms are exact clones of their parents. Multicellular– Cells become different from each other as they multiply. All multicellular developing organisms are a combination of two parents, but are different from them – not clones. 1. Cell structure & function DIFFERENTIATION

  8. 1. Cell structure & function Cell - One Name, Many Types All cells, no matter what kind, have similarities, as well as differences. Certain cell structures determine the function of the cell. Examples: Red Blood Cells – carry oxygen Plant cells – carry out photosynthesis Unicellular Microorganisms – carry out ALL of life processes.

  9. All living things must maintain stable internal conditions to survive. Homeostasis -stable level of internal conditions found in all living cells. EXAMPLES: temperature water content food intake blood glucose levels sleep 2. Stability & homeostasis

  10. All organisms come from existing organisms. They reproduce and transfer their hereditary information to their offspring. 2 Types of Reproduction: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION-heredity information is not combined - only one organism’s DNA is used. Offspring are identical to parent. EXAMPLES: bacteria and other unicellular organisms SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- heredity information (DNA)from two organisms from the same species combine. Offspring are different from both parents and from any other offspring EXAMPLE: monkey having a baby Egg and sperm  zygote (fertilized egg). 3. Reproduction & Inheritance

  11. Organisms transfer their hereditary information to their offspring in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – the “book” of life. A gene is a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait. vs. 3. Reproduction & Inheritance Lung Cells vs. Thyroid Cell s Each “turn on” different genes

  12. 3. Reproduction & Inheritance

  13. 4. Evolution Populations of organisms evolve or change over time. Evolution -population of organism changes over generations (time). • Natural selection is the most important driving force behind evolution.

  14. All living organisms interact with other living organisms and their non-living environment. 5. Interdependence of organisms

  15. The branch of biology concerned with these interactions is called Ecology. Ecology-the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment. 5. Interdependence of organisms

  16. All living organisms need a constant supply of energy. How organisms obtain, use and transfer energy is a major topic of study in biology. ALL energy for life on earth comes from the SUN. 6. matter, energy & organization

  17. The MOST Important Factor Determining how many and what kind of organisms that can live in an environment is the amount of ENERGY Available. Autotrophs-organisms that can get energy by producing their own food. EXAMPLES: plants and some unicellular organisms Heteroptrophs-organisms that must get energy by eating other organisms EXAMPLES: some unicellular organisms, all animals and fungi 6. matter, energy & organization

  18. Take the Concept Review Quiz 1_1 …

  19. The World of Biology

  20. In your notebook, respond to the following: Suppose you discovered an unidentified object on your way home from school. How would you determine if it is a living or a nonliving thing? DO NOW:

  21. The Characteristics of Life All organisms, no matter how different, have certain characteristics in common THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE !

  22. 1. MADE OF CELLS All living things are composed of cells…

  23. 2. ORGANIZED All living things are highly organized… They are organized at molecular and cellular level. Cell structures (organelles) carry out specific functions.

  24. 2. ORGANIZED Levels of Hierarchy of Biological Organization: Cells  tissues Tissues  organs Organs  systems Systems ORGANISM

  25. 2. ORGANIZED

  26. 3. USE ENERGY All living things use energy… All organisms use energy to grow, reproduce and make repairs. Metabolism-all of the chemical processes that take place in a living organism.

  27. 4. HOMEOSTASIS All Living things maintain stable internal conditions and respond to their environment. Remember: Homeostasis is maintaining internal balance. Response - reaction to input (stimulus) from the world. May be simple or complex. EXAMPLE: Bird fluffing its feathers to stay warm

  28. 5. GROW & DEVELOP All living things grow and develop…

  29. 5. GROW & DEVELOP Growth is the increase in the amount of living material in an organism. Developmentis the series of changes an organism undergoes in reaching its final adult form.

  30. 6. REPRODUCTION All living things reproduce… Create more of their own species. Essential to the survival of the species…NOT of the reproducing organism.

  31. Do Now Compare and Contrast: Make a chart that lists the six characteristics of life. Watch the following video clip, IS IT ALIVE…OR IS IT?? Use the chart to help you determine whether the object is living or non-living. Support your decision.

  32. What is Science? Science is a process that produces a body of knowledge! Science is carried out because people : Wonder… Are Curious… Ask questions… That is the beginning of all scientific research. Science – Learning About the World

  33. Science – Learning About the World Knowledge from science can be used to improve life. Example: polio vaccine, penicillin, genetically enhanced food

  34. Watch this Video How simple ideas lead to scientific discovery Respond to the video in your notebook.

  35. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

  36. One of the best ways to begin studying science is to examine how scientists try to solve a problem or answer a question Methods of Science • Whatever they study, all scientists use certain methods to get answers!

  37. Methods of Science What is in here??

  38. Methods of Science

  39. The Scientific Method Scientist use certain methods in their work… The Scientific Method A group of strategies or steps used to help guide scientist to arrive at an answer to a question or problem.

  40. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method has approximately 6 steps: • Observation • Asking Questions • Collect Data • Research • Hypothesis (explains their observations and can be tested!) • Experiment (testing your hypothesis, Collecting, Organizing & Analyzing Data) • Conclusion & Communication

  41. Step 1 & 2- Observations & Questions • 1- Use the 5 senses to perceive objects or events. • 2 - Ask a question • Based on observations; one or more questions are generated.

  42. Step 3 – Research & Collect Data Research – a methodical investigation into a subject in order to answer a question, discover facts and to develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered Data – any and all information gathered while researching an answer to a question

  43. Step 4 – Forming a Hypothesis Hypothesis-a possible explanation for what was observed and why it should be true. • It must be able to be tested and proven wrong • If/then statement-often written in this form. • Example:Ifgiving a tomato plants “Tomato Grow” plant food increases the size of the tomatoes they produce, then tomato plants feed “Tomato Grow” will produce larger tomatoes.

  44. Step 5- Experimenting A hypothesis is often tested by carrying out an experiment. Most experiments in Biology are controlled experiments • performed to test your hypothesis (confirm or disprove it) • Based on a comparison of a control group with an experimental group. • Used to gather data under controlled conditions. • Data-bits of information gathered during the experiment.

  45. Step 5 - Experimenting To have a controlled experiment, two groups must be tested: • Control Group- the group where all the variables remain constant • the "normal group” • Experimental Group- the group exposed to the experimental factor (independent variable – what is being tested), but is otherwise IDENTICAL to the control group.

  46. Step 5 - Experimenting All factors in the control group and the experimental groupare identical except for one: • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (input) • what is being tested During the experiment, observations and measurements are taken from both groups, looking specifically at another factor or variable: • DEPENEDENT VARIABLE (output) • dependent because it is driven by/or results from the effect of the independent variable.

  47. ~ FYI ~ For example, if we were setting up an experiment to test our hypothesis about “Tomato Grow” plant food, we would set up the experiment using two groups of identical tomato plants. One group, our experimental group would receive the food, while the other group, the control group would not. All other variables would remain constant. The plant food would be considered the independent variable, and only given to the experimental group. In this case, the size of the tomatoes would be the dependent variable, as this factor is dependent upon the manipulation and effect of the independent variable. • What factors must remain the same in both groups to ensure that the results you observe are due to changes resulting from the variable being tested ONLY?

  48. ~ FYI ~ If you said one or more of the following, you are correct! • Type and number of plants • amount of water given • the temperature of the environment • amount of sunlight the plants receive • The pH of the soil • etc. Tomato Grow Control Group Experimental Group pH 7 pH 7

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