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SPORTS AND TELEVISION

SPORTS AND TELEVISION. OVERVIEW. SPORTS BROADCASTING ORIGINS SPORTS’ ROLE ON TV PROGRAMMING BOXING ERA, 1946-1962 ABC NEW STRATEGIES, 1960s COLOR TV AND PRO FOOTBALL MONDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL SPORT SHOWS – SPORT NETWORKS TV IMPACT ON SPORTS. SPORTS TV BROADCASTING ORIGINS.

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SPORTS AND TELEVISION

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  1. SPORTS AND TELEVISION

  2. OVERVIEW • SPORTS BROADCASTING ORIGINS • SPORTS’ ROLE ON TV PROGRAMMING • BOXING ERA, 1946-1962 • ABC NEW STRATEGIES, 1960s • COLOR TV AND PRO FOOTBALL • MONDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL • SPORT SHOWS – SPORT NETWORKS • TV IMPACT ON SPORTS

  3. SPORTS TV BROADCASTING ORIGINS • 1939 NBC WXBS STATION EXPERIMENTAL BROADCAST BASEBALL, TENNIS AND COLLEGE FOOTBALL • 1940 INCLUDED BASKETBALL, HOCKEY, TRACK & FIELD • 1941 BROADCAST CANCELLED • TELECAST SHORTCOMINGS: AUDIENCE, TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES, LACK OF SPONSORS, SCREEN RESOLUTION LIMITATIONS, RADIO HEGEMONY.

  4. BOXING ERA 1945-1960 • WWII AND COLD WAR VALUES • LOUIS, MARCIANO, ROBINSON • LIMITATIONS: OUTCOME, VIEWERS’ EXPECTATIONS • RACE/ETHNIC CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL FIGHTERS • OVERSATURATION, VIOLENCE • TIES WITH ORGANIZED CRIME

  5. PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL 1945-1960 • 1946 BERT BELL, NEW NFL COMMISSIONER. • 1945 ALL-AMERICAN FOOTBALL CONFERENCE, A NEW PRO LEAGUE FORMED BY ARCH WARD, SPORTS WRITER IN CHICAGO. • AAFC= STRONG COMPETITION WITH THE NFL, BETTER SALARIES, ALL-STAR GAME • WARD’S IDEA, A GAME IN DECEMBER BETWEEN THE TWO LEAGUES’ CHAMPIONS

  6. PRO FOOTBALL 1945-1960 • AAFC STAR: PAUL BROWN, COACH • SUCCESS WITH MASILLON H.S., OHIO STATE. • REVOLUTIONIZE FOOTBALL COACHING: PLAY BOOKS FOR PLAYERS, FILM ANALYSIS, PLAY-BY-PLAY BREAKDOWN, RADIO RECEIVER IN QB’S HELMET, FULL TIME ASSISTANT COACHES, PRESS BOX ANALYSIS, UNLIMITED SUBSTITUTIONS, UNLIMITED RESERVES WITH ‘TAXI SQUAD’ TACTICS.

  7. PRO FOOTBALL 1945-1960 • PAUL BROWN, ECONOMIC SUCCESS • 1950 NFL ABSORBED THREE TEAMS FROM THE AAFC. • UNLIMITED SUBS, UNLIMITED RESERVES, BROWN STRATEGIES= HIGHER QUALITY IN GAMES • NFL 1950s ATTENDANCE RISE FROM 25,000 TO 40,000 AVG

  8. PRO FOOTBALL • SPECIALIZATION= FASTER AND MORE ATTRACTIVE STYLE • 1951 FIRST BROADCASTING CONTRACT WITH DuMONT NETWORK • 1956 CBS $1 MILLION TV CONTRACT • NATIONAL RULES: LOCAL BLACKOUTS, ONE GAME-WEEK

  9. PRO FOOTBALL, ROZELLE ERA • 1959 BELL DIED • 1959 AMERICAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE, 8 TEAMS IN DIRECT ECONOMIC COMPETITION WITH THE NFL • AFL, LAMAR HUNT, TEXAS MILLIONAIRE, 20s, DALLAS-BASED TEAM REJECTED BY THE NFL. KANSAS CITY FRANCHISE.

  10. NFL, ROZELLE ERA • PETE ROZELLE, MARKETING AND P.R. TRAINING, PUBLIC RELATIONS FIRM, LOS ANGELES RAMS PUBLICIST. 1957 L.A. RAMS GENERAL MANAGER • FOOTBALL MERCHANDISE LINE, PRODUCTS WITH THE RAMS LOGO (HATS, CUPS, T-SHIRTS) TEAM-LOGO BUSINESS.

  11. NFL, ROZELLE ERA • 1960 ROZELLE, NEW NFL COMMISSIONER. MOVED THE NFL HQ TO MANHATTAN. • DRAMATIC CHANGE IN TV RIGHTS, “SINGLE PACKAGE” POLICY: ALL TV RIGHTS-ALL TEAMS-INCOME DIVIDED EQUALLY, OPPOSED BY GIANTS, BEARS AND RAMS

  12. NFL ROZELLE ERA • ROZELLE: MORE INCOME FROM TV IF ALL TEAMS BARGAIN TOGETHER. TV MARKET, NFL FUTURE. • 1961 U.S. CONGRESS PASSED THE “SPORTS ANTITRUST BROADCAST ACT”, ALLOWING ROZELLE’S SINGLE PACKAGE POLICY • 1964-65 SECRET BID-OPEN CEREMONY, CBS WON ($14,000,000 A YEAR).

  13. ABC NEW STRATEGIES • ABC: EDGE FROM NEW SPORTS BROADCASTING STYLE; 1960 CONTRACT WITH THE AFL • ROONE P. ARLEDGE, 1960 FOOTBALL GAMES PRODUCER; SHOW BIZZ • PRINCIPLE: EVENT AS IMPORTANT AS OUTCOME • GAME SETTING AMBIENCE. MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES, CLOSE UPS, CHEERLEADERS, OVER ENTHUSIASTIC FANS

  14. ARLEDGE PRODUCTIONS • CROWD AS IMPORTANT AS PLAYERS • SEX APPEAL IN STANDS/SIDELINES • TV-NEW BROADCASTING STYLE • FANS CONTEST FOR “SCREEN-TIME” BANNERS, CUSTOMS, LEGENDS • MONUMENTAL TAKES, IN GAME ADVERTISING

  15. ARLEDGE PRINCIPLE • BRING THE VIEWER TO THE EVENT. • NOT THE EVENT TO THE VIEWER.

  16. ABC SPORTS PRODUCTIONS • COVERAGE BEFORE, DURING, AFTER • SLOW MOTION, INSTANT REPLAY, LONG SHOTS, CLOSE UPS, VIEWER ATTENTION, SPLIT-SCREEN • INDUCED CONTROVERSY • CROWD-CARNIVAL-TAKES • PLAYERS STATISTICS: PRESENT EXTRAORDINARY DIMENSIONS

  17. ABC WIDE WORLD OF SPORTS • 1961 BEGINNING, SPORTS-ONLY SHOW • FIRST IN STOP-ACTION FILMING • VARIETY-SHOW-ON-SPORTS • CONTROVERSY SELLS, HATE-LOVE FIGURES (MUHAMMAD ALI, JOE NAMATH, BATTLE OF THE SEXES, ETC) • WINTER SPORTS, TROPICAL LOCATIONS, BIZARRE EVENTS • EVENT AS IMPORTANT AS OUTCOME

  18. ABC MONDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL • ARLEDGE SECOND CREATION, 1970 • CONTROVERSIAL BROADCASTING, NO TO NFL “ANNOUNCER-APPROVAL” • HOWARD COSELL, NY FORMER BOXING-VOICE, PROMOTE-CRITICIZE-PROVOKE- “TELL IT LIKE IT IS” • TRANSITION IN BROADCAST ANNOUNCERS FROM THE “GOLDEN THROAT” MODEL (BLOW-BY-BLOW PLAY CALLER) TO “MOST HATED ANNOUNCER” NEW STYLE.

  19. COLOR TV AND PRO FOOTBALL • 1959 PETE ROZELLE, NFL COMMISSI. • TV RIGHTS CONTRACTS-AUCTIONS • 1964 CBS-NFL, NBC-AFL • NBC $, AFL COULD COMPETE W/NAT. LEAGUE • ARTIFICIAL TURFS, TEAM LOGOS-END ZONE • TV-MADE UNIFORMS, NAMES, LOGOS, COLORS. 1967 SUPER BOWL I

  20. ARLEDGE’S IMPACT ON TV • 1970s NBC, CBS ADOPTED ABC STRAT. • 1970s-1970s TV $ IN SPORTS BOOM • PRO FOOTBALL, MOST POPULAR SPORT-ENTERTAINMENT • PROFESSIONAL SPORTS ADOPTED NEW RULES TO INCREASE TV RATINGS • SPORTS BECAME TV PRODUCTIONS

  21. TELEVISION IMPACT ON SPORTS • TRANSFORMATION OF TEAM SPORTS IN RULES, SCHEDULES, • TRANSFORMATION OF “CHAMPIONSHIP-RULES” • SUBORDINATION OF SPORTS TO MEDIA INTERESTS • MORE PEOPLE PREFER TO WATCH THAN TO PLAY

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