DNA/RNA, Transcription/Translation, & Mitosis/Meiosis Review

1. DNA/RNA, Transcription/Translation,& Mitosis/Meiosis Review

2. What is(are) the function(s) of nucleic acids? • Storage • Transmission • Expression • All of the above

3. What does DNA stand for? • Deoxyribonucleic Acid

4. What does RNA stand for? • Ribonucleic Acid

5. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide (nucleic acid)? • Nitrogenous Base • 5-Carbon Sugar • Phosphate Group

6. What 2 Nitrogenous Bases are classified as Purines? • Adenine & Guanine What 3 Nitrogenous Bases are classified as Pyrimdines? • Cytosine • Uracil • Thymine

7. Nitrogenous Bases Purines • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • pure As Gold Pyrimdines • Cytosine (C) • Uracil (U) • Thymine (T) • CUT the py

8. Who created the model for the Double Helix molecule of DNA? • Watson and Crick • Meischier and Mendel • Pastuer and Luewenhooke • Hooke and Watson

10. Nitrogenous base pairingA ?G ?

11. What type of bonds determine base pairing in DNA? • Nitrogen bonds • Carbon bonds • Hydrogen bonds • Oxygen bonds

12. How many Hydrogen Bonds are there between A and T? • 2 hydrogen bonds How many Hydrogen Bonds are there between G and C? • 3 hydrogen bonds

13. Nitrogen Base Pairing in DNA Hydrogenbonds determine nitrogen base pairing • Adenine (A)  Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C)  Guanine (G)

14. Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Bases: C,G A,T Self replicate Single stranded Ribose sugar Bases: C,G,A,U Can’t self replicate mRNA, tRNA, rRNA DNA vs. RNA Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.

15. What is the 1st step in DNA Replication? • DNA Strand unwinds or splits

16. Amino Acids are the building blocks of A. DNA B. isotopes C. proteins D. viruses

17. When a nitrogen base becomes bonded to a sugar that is bonded to a phosphate, the resulting molecule is called a A. nucleotide B. amino acid C. bacteriophage D. enzyme

18. Nucleotides

19. Chemical analysis has shown that the number of adenine molecules in a sample of DNA is always the same as the number of molecules of A. thymine B. guanine C. cytosine D. uracil

20. The Mechanisms by which DNA strands pair is A. entanglement via the helical structure B. ionic bonding between phospate groups C. interaction between the sugar-phosphate backbones D. hydrogen bonding between nitrogen bases

21. Genetic information is passed from parent to offspring in the form of A. DNA B. RNA C. proteins D. amino acids

22. A codon is translated by a cell. The information received codes for a A. protein B. nucleic Acid C. amino acid D. gene

24. There are exceptions, but in general, the basic flow of genetic information in living organisms is from A. Nucleotides and proteins B. DNA to RNA to protein C. RNA to DNA to amino acids D. Protein to RNA to DNA

25. Watson and Crick described the DNA molecules as a A. Straight chain B. Double-stranded molecule C. Single-stranded molecule D. Branching chain

26. Why does adenine pair only with thymine and cytosine only with guanine in a DNA molecule A. Adenine and cytosine are acids, and guanine and thymine are bases B. Their molecular shape determines how they are paired C. They do not D. Adenine sometimes pairs with uracil in DNA

27. Which molecule acts as a proofreader during DNA replication? A. DNA ligase B. histones C. Nucleosomes D. DNA polymerase

28. Genes act by directing the synthesis of A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Sugar

29. “Working Tapes” of instructions that are carried to the ribosomes are A. Protein molecules B. tRNA molecules C. mRNA molecules D. DNA molecules

30. DNA controls protein synthesis by A. Encoding amino-acid sequence B. activating enzymes C. organizing molecules D. directly copying proteins

31. Which of the following in not a representative of known types of RNA molecules? A. messenger RNA (mRNA) B. previous RNA (pRNA) C. transfer RNA (tRNA) D. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

33. The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule (mRNA) is determined by the sequence A. transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule B. protein molecule C. polysaccharide molecule D. DNA molecule

34. In a cell, the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA occurs in the A. cell membrane B. nucleus C. endoplasmic reticulum D. nucleolus

36. DNA in the nucleus controls the activities in the rest of the cell by serving as a blueprint for A. lipids B. sugars C. enzymes D. RNA

37. Proteins are an excellent mechanism by which genetic information is expressed because unlike sugars, lipids, and nucleotides, proteins A. can be metabolized to make energy that will be used throughout the body. B. can be structural or catalytic molecules or may be involved in cell-cell communication C. are easily transported in the body D. can replicated themselves

38. Gene expression begins with A. RNA synthesis B. metabolism of sugars C. ribosomes D. rearrangement of bases

39. During protein synthesis, the substance that attaches to a particular amino-acid molecule and positions it on a ribosome is A. tRNA B. mRNA C. DNA D. ADP

40. Where does translation take place? A. ribosomes B. mitochondria C. nuclei D. nucleoli

42. Every one of the cells in the body contain exactly the same A. cytoplasm B. ribosomes C. mutations D. instructions

43. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

44. The two chromosomes that decide you sex or gender are the X or the A. X B. Y C. Z D. X’

45. Why do cells need to divide? • Needed for development • Needed for growth • Need to replace dead dying cells • All of the above

46. Mitosis is cell division. • True • False

47. What is mitosis? • Process by which cells make a duplicate set of chromosomes • Cell division • The # of chromosomes is reduced by half • When water moves in and out of cells

48. What are the phases of mitosis? • Prophase, Metapahse, Prophase II, Anaphase II • Telophase, Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase II • Interphase, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase • Prophase, Telophase II, Prometaphase, Anaphase

49. Phases of Mitosis • Interphase • Propahse • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

50. What phase of mitosis is this? Interphase