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Application-Empowered Networks: for Science and Global Virtual Organizations

Application-Empowered Networks: for Science and Global Virtual Organizations. Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology SC2003 Panel, Phoenix November 20, 2003. The Challenges of Next Generation Science in the Information Age. Flagship Applications

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Application-Empowered Networks: for Science and Global Virtual Organizations

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  1. Application-Empowered Networks: for Science and Global Virtual Organizations Harvey B. Newman California Institute of TechnologySC2003 Panel, PhoenixNovember 20, 2003

  2. The Challenges of Next Generation Science in the Information Age • Flagship Applications • High Energy & Nuclear Physics, AstroPhysics Sky Surveys: TByte to PByte “block” transfers at 1-10+ Gbps • eVLBI: Many real time data streams at 1-10 Gbps • BioInformatics, Clinical Imaging: GByte images on demand • HEP Data Example: • From Petabytes in 2003, ~100 Petabytes by 2007-8, to ~1 Exabyte by ~2013-5. • Provide results with rapid turnaround, coordinating large but LIMITED computing, data handling, NETWORKresources • Advanced integrated applications, such as Data Grids, rely on seamless operation of our LANs and WANs • With reliable, quantifiable high performance Petabytes of complex data explored and analyzed by 1000s of globally dispersed scientists, in hundreds of teams

  3. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) CERN, Geneva: 2007 Start • pp s =14 TeV L=1034 cm-2 s-1 • 27 km Tunnel in Switzerland & France CMS TOTEM pp, general purpose; HI 6000 Physicists & Engineers; 60 Countries 250 Institutions First Beams: April 2007 Physics Runs: from Summer 2007 ALICE : HI LHCb: B-physics ATLAS Atlas

  4. LHC: Higgs Decay into 4 muons (Tracker only); 1000X LEP Data Rate 109 events/sec, selectivity: 1 in 1013 (1 person in a thousand world populations)

  5. Application Empowermentof Networks, and Global Systems • Effective use of networks is vital for the existence and daily operation of Global Collaborations • Scientists face the greatest challenges in terms of • Data intensiveness; volume and complexity • Distributed computation and storage resources;a wide range of facility sizes and network capability • Global dispersion of many cooperating teams, large and small • Application and computer scientists have become leading co-developers of global networked systems • Strong alliances with network engineers; leading vendors • Building on a tradition of building next-generation systems that harness new technologies in the service of science • Mission Orientation • Tackle the hardest problems, to enable the science • Maintaining a years-long commitment

  6. CERN/Outside Resource Ratio ~1:2Tier0/( Tier1)/( Tier2) ~1:1:1 ~PByte/sec ~100-1500 MBytes/sec Online System Experiment CERN Center PBs of Disk; Tape Robot Tier 0 +1 Tier 1 ~2.5-10 Gbps FNAL Center IN2P3 Center INFN Center RAL Center 2.5-10 Gbps Tier 2 Tier2 Center Tier2 Center Tier2 Center Tier2 Center Tier2 Center ~2.5-10 Gbps Tier 3 Institute Institute Institute Institute Tens of Petabytes by 2007-8.An Exabyte ~5-7 Years later. Physics data cache 0.1 to 10 Gbps Tier 4 Workstations LHC Data Grid Hierarchy:Developed at Caltech Emerging Vision: A Richly Structured, Global Dynamic System

  7. Fall 2003: Transatlantic Ultraspeed TCP TranfersThroughput Achieved: X50 in 2 years • Terabyte Transfers by the Caltech-CERN Team: • Nov 18: 4.00 Gbps IPv6 Geneva-Phoenix (11.5 kkm) • Oct 15: 5.64 Gbps IPv4 Palexpo-L.A. (10.9 kkm) • Across Abilene (Internet2) Chicago-LA, Sharing with normal network traffic • Peaceful Coexistence with a Joint Internet2- Telecom World VRVS Videoconference European Commission Juniper,Level(3)Telehouse Nov 19: 23+ Gbps: Caltech, SLAC,CERN, LANL, UvA, Manchester 10GigE NIC

  8. FAST TCP:Baltimore/Sunnyvale • Fast convergence to equilibrium • RTT estimation: fine-grain timer • Delay monitoring in equilibrium • Pacing: reducing burstiness 88% 10G 90% 9G Measurements 11/02 • Std Packet Size • Utilization averaged over > 1hr • 4000 km Path 90% Average utilization 92% 8.6 Gbps; 21.6 TB in 6 Hours 95% Fair SharingFast Recovery 1 flow 2 flows 7 flows 9 flows 10 flows

  9. HENP Major Links: Bandwidth Roadmap (Scenario) in Gbps Continuing the Trend: ~1000 Times Bandwidth Growth Per Decade;We are Rapidly Learning to Use Multi-Gbps Networks Dynamically

  10. “Private” Grids”: Structured P2PSub-Communities in Global HEP

  11. HENP Lambda Grids:Fibers for Physics • Problem: Extract “Small” Data Subsets of 1 to 100 Terabytes from 1 to 1000 Petabyte Data Stores • Survivability of the HENP Global Grid System, with hundreds of such transactions per day (circa 2007)requires that each transaction be completed in a relatively short time. • Example: Take 800 secs to complete the transaction. Then Transaction Size (TB)Net Throughput (Gbps) 1 10 10 100 100 1000 (Capacity of Fiber Today) • Summary: Providing Switching of 10 Gbps wavelengthswithin ~2-4 years; and Terabit Switching within 5-8 years would enable “Petascale Grids with Terabyte transactions”,to fully realize the discovery potential of major HENP programs, as well as other data-intensive fields.

  12. Next Generation Grid Challenges: Workflow Management & Optimization • Scaling to Handle Thousands of Simultaneous Requests • Including the Network as a Dynamic, Managed Resource • Co-Scheduled with Computing and Storage • Maintaining a Global View of Resources and System State • End-to-end Monitoring • Adaptive Learning: New paradigms for optimization, problem resolution • Balancing Policy Against Moment-to-moment Capability • High Levels of Usage of Limited Resources Versus Better Turnaround Times for Priority Tasks • Strategic Workflow Planning; Strategic Recovery • An Integrated User Environment • User-Grid Interactions; Progressive Automation • Emerging Strategies and Guidelines

  13. UltraLight http://ultralight.caltech.edu • Serving the major LHC experiments; developments broadly applicable to other data-intensive programs • “Hybrid” packet-switched and circuit-switched, dynamically managed optical network • Global services for system management • Trans-US wavelength riding on NLR: LA-SNV-CHI-JAX • Leveraging advanced research & production networks • USLIC/DataTAG, SURFnet/NLlight, UKLight, Abilene, CA*net4 • Dark fiber to CIT, SLAC, FNAL, UMich; Florida Light Rail • Intercont’l extensions: Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo, Taiwan • Flagship Applications with a diverse traffic mix • HENP: TByte to PByte “block” data transfers at 1-10+ Gbps • eVLBI: Real time data streams at 1 to several Gbps

  14. Monitoring CMS farms and WAN traffic

  15. SEA POR SAC NYC CHI OGD DEN SVL CLE PIT WDC FRE KAN RAL NAS National Lambda Rail STR PHO LAX WAL ATL SDG OLG DAL JAC UltraLight Collaboration:http://ultralight.caltech.edu • Caltech, UF, FIU, UMich, SLAC,FNAL,MIT/Haystack,CERN, UERJ(Rio), NLR, CENIC, UCAID,Translight, UKLight, Netherlight, UvA, UCLondon, KEK, Taiwan • Cisco, Level(3) • Integrated packet switched and circuit switched hybrid experimental research network; leveraging transoceanic R&D network partnerships • NLR Waves: 10 GbE (LAN-PHY) wave across the US • Optical paths transatlantic; extensions to Japan, Taiwan, Brazil • End-to-end monitoring; Realtime tracking and optimization; Dynamic bandwidth provisioning, • Agent-based services spanning all layers of the system, from the optical cross-connects to the applications.

  16. Some Extra Slides Follow Computing Model Progress CMS Internal Review of Software and Computing

  17. Grid Enabled Analysis: View of a Collaborative Desktop • Building the GAE is the “Acid Test” for Grids; and iscrucial for next-generation experiments at the LHC • Large, Diverse, Distributed Community of users • Support hundreds to thousands of analysis tasks, shared among dozens of sites • Widely varying task requirements and priorities • Need Priority Schemes, robust authentication and Security • Relevant to the future needs of research and industry External Services Storage Resource Broker CMS ORCA/COBRA Browser MonaLisa Iguana ROOT Cluster Schedulers PDA ATLAS DIAL Griphyn VDT Clarens VO Management File Access MonaLisa Monitoring Authentication Key Escrow Shell Authorization Logging

  18. Four LHC Experiments: The Petabyte to Exabyte Challenge • ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, LHCBHiggs + New particles; Quark-Gluon Plasma; CP Violation Data stored Tens of PB 2008; To 1 EB by ~2015 CPU Hundreds of TFlops To PetaFlops

  19. Grid Enabled Analysis: View of a Collaborative Desktop • Building the GAE is the “Acid Test” for Grids; and iscrucial for next-generation experiments at the LHC • Large, Diverse, Distributed Community of users • Support hundreds to thousands of analysis tasks, shared among dozens of sites • Widely varying task requirements and priorities • Need Priority Schemes, robust authentication and Security • Relevant to the future needs of research and industry External Services Storage Resource Broker CMS ORCA/COBRA Browser MonaLisa Iguana ROOT Cluster Schedulers PDA ATLAS DIAL Griphyn VDT Clarens VO Management File Access MonaLisa Monitoring Authentication Key Escrow Shell Authorization Logging

  20. The Move to OGSA and then Managed Integration Systems App-specific Services ~Integrated Systems Stateful; Managed Open Grid Services Arch Web services + … Increased functionality, standardization GGF: OGSI, … (+ OASIS, W3C) Multiple implementations, including Globus Toolkit Globus Toolkit X.509, LDAP, FTP, … Defacto standards GGF: GridFTP, GSI Custom solutions Time

  21. HENP Data Grids Versus Classical Grids • The original Computational and Data Grid concepts are largely stateless, open systems: known to be scalable • Analogous to the Web • The classical Grid architecture has a number of implicit assumptions • The ability to locate and schedule suitable resources, within a tolerably short time (i.e. resource richness) • Short transactions with relatively simple failure modes • But - HENP Grids are Data Intensive & Resource-Constrained • 1000s of users competing for resources at 100s of sites • Resource usage governed by local and global policies • Long transactions; some long queues • Need Realtime Monitoring and Tracking • Distributed failure modes Strategic task management

  22. Global Client / Dynamic Discovery Monitoring & Managing VRVS Reflectors

  23. KEK (JP) VRVS (Version 3) Meeting in 8 Time Zones VRVS on Windows Caltech (US) RAL (UK) Brazil CERN (CH) AMPATH (US) Pakistan SLAC (US) Canada 78 Reflectors Deployed Worldwide Users in 96 Countries AMPATH (US)

  24. Production BW Growth of Int’l HENP Network Links (US-CERN Example) • Rate of Progress >> Moore’s Law. (US-CERN Example) • 9.6 kbps Analog (1985) • 64-256 kbps Digital (1989 - 1994) [X 7 – 27] • 1.5 Mbps Shared (1990-3; IBM) [X 160] • 2 -4 Mbps (1996-1998) [X 200-400] • 12-20 Mbps (1999-2000) [X 1.2k-2k] • 155-310 Mbps (2001-2) [X 16k – 32k] • 622 Mbps (2002-3) [X 65k] • 2.5 Gbps (2003-4) [X 250k] • 10 Gbps  (2005) [X 1M] • A factor of ~1M over a period of 1985-2005 (a factor of ~5k during 1995-2005) • HENP has become a leading applications driver, and also a co-developer of global networks

  25. HEP is Learning How to Use Gbps Networks Fully: Factor of ~50 Gain in Max. Sustained TCP Thruput in 2 Years, On Some US+Transoceanic Routes • 9/01 105 Mbps 30 Streams: SLAC-IN2P3; 102 Mbps 1 Stream CIT-CERN • 5/20/02 450-600 Mbps SLAC-Manchester on OC12 with ~100 Streams • 6/1/02 290 Mbps Chicago-CERN One Stream on OC12 • 9/02 850, 1350, 1900 Mbps Chicago-CERN 1,2,3 GbE Streams, 2.5G Link • 11/02 [LSR] 930 Mbps in 1 Stream California-CERN, and California-AMS FAST TCP 9.4 Gbps in 10 Flows California-Chicago • 2/03 [LSR] 2.38 Gbps in 1 Stream California-Geneva (99% Link Utilization) • 5/03 [LSR] 0.94 Gbps IPv6 in 1 Stream Chicago- Geneva • TW & SC2003: 5.65 Gbps (IPv4), 4.0 Gbps (IPv6) in 1 Stream Over 11,000 km *

  26. UltraLight: An Ultra-scale Optical Network Laboratory for Next Generation Science http://ultralight.caltech.edu • Ultrascale protocols and MPLS: Classes of service used to share primary 10G  efficiently • Scheduled or sudden “overflow” demands handled by provisioning additional wavelengths: • N*GE, and eventually 10 GE • Use path diversity, e.g. across North America and Atlantic • Move to multiple 10G ’s (leveraged) by 2005-6 • Unique feature: agent-based, end-to-end monitored, dynamically provisioned mode of operation • Agent services span all layers of the system; Communication application characteristics and requirements to • The protocol stacks, MPLS class provisioning and the optical cross-connects • Dynamic responses help manage traffic flow

  27. HENP Networks and Grids; UltraLight • The network backbones and major links used by major HENP projects are advancing rapidly • To the 2.5-10 G range in 18 months; much faster than Moore’s Law • Continuing a trend: a factor ~1000 improvement per decade • Transition to a community-owned and operated infrastructure for research and education is beginning with (NLR, USAWaves) • HENP is learning to use 10 Gbps networks effectively over long distances • Fall 2003 Development: 5 to 6 Gbps flows over 11,000 km • A new HENP and DOE Roadmap: Gbps to Tbps links in ~10 Years • UltraLight: A hybrid packet-switched and circuit-switched network: ultra-protocols (FAST), MPLS + dynamic provisioning • To serve the major needs of the LHC & Other major programs • Sharing, augmenting NLR and internat’l optical infrastructures • A cost-effective model for future HENP, DOE networks

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