Business demography, part 1

1. Business statistics and registers Business demography, part 1 Dynamics of the population of businesses

2. The concept of business • Business demography data are used to analyze the dynamics and innovation of different markets • A fundamental requirement in measuring business entries (creation) and exits (destruction) concerns the definition of a business itself

3. Register and survey based approaches • Most business demography is based on statistical business registers • Survey based approaches have lower quality than information derived from registers • However, survey based approaches may also capture the creation of informal enterprises • In theory, census data can be as good, and sometimes better than register based information • However, the cost of running a census of businesses every year makes this approach unrealistic • Most statistical business registers are based on a combination of administrative and statistical sources

4. Population of active enterprises • The following populations of active enterprises are distinguished, depending on the employee thresholds that are applied: • N Population of active enterprises including all employers and non-employers • N1 Population of active employer enterprises (at least one employee) • N2 Population of active employer enterprises with at least two employees • N(0) Population of active non-employer enterprises. This is the same as N – N1. • N(0,1) Population of active enterprises with no or one employee. This is the same as N – N2. • If the threshold for births and deaths is enterprises with 1 or more employees then the population of active enterprises (N1) should also be based on this threshold • Employment used as a threshold for these populations should be based on the annual average in head counts over the operating period of the enterprise

5. Demographic events • The main demographic events affecting enterprises are: • Enterprise birth • Enterprise death

6. Continuity rules • Whether or not an enterprise is the successor of another unit or is a new enterprise is determined by continuity rules • Three continuity factors must be considered: continuity of control, economic activity and location • Change of controlling legal unit • Change of principal activity • Change of main location • For enterprise births, these rules generally follow the approach that if two out of three of the continuity factors change, there is no continuity of the enterprise • Continuity of employment may also be an important factor

7. Births • Birth is an independent event affecting only one enterprise in the population of active enterprises • For Enterprise births this involves the creation of a new combination of factors of production, and, typically, the creation of a new enterprise reference on the business register, depending on the coverage of the business register

8. Conventions for birth • Enterprise births cover all enterprises, regardless of whether they are employers or not • No general threshold is applied to the size of the enterprise in terms of employment or any other characteristics. • Employer enterprise births are births of enterprises with at least one employee • Economic enterprise births are births of enterprises with at least two employees • This population consists of enterprise births that have at least two employees in the birth year and of enterprises that existed before the year in consideration, but were below the threshold of two employees

9. Time of birth • It is often relatively easy to measure business entries • It is more difficult to identify births • The most important and contentious considerations in defining births is time of birth • Typically it starts as the idea of an entrepreneur • This idea may then be acted upon and be evolved in a number of ways • Time of birth is non-trivial • The only practical way to establish time of birth is to record a birth at the point that some tangible and measurable activity occurs

10. From enterprise creation to births • The number of enterprise births is a key variable in the analysis of business demography Enterprise births are defined as follows: • “A count of the number of births of enterprises registered to the population concerned in the business register corrected for errors. A birth amounts to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Births do not include entries into the population due to: mergers, break-ups, split-off or restructuring of a set of enterprises. It does not include entries into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity.”

11. Employer enterprise births • There are two conditions which qualify an enterprise as an employer birth: 1. It was an enterprise birth in year xx, and had at least one employee in the year of birth, or 2. It existed before year xx, was not an employer for the two previous years and had at least one employee in year xx (entry by growth) • The growth should not be due to the take-over of another enterprise with employees • An enterprise should be considered an employer enterprise in a given year if it has at least one employee at any time during the reference period from 01.01 to 31.12

12. Economic enterprise births • In principle, the approach to identifying economic enterprise births should be the same as for employer enterprise births • Again, there are two conditions that qualify an enterprise as an economic enterprise birth: 1. It was a enterprise birth in year xx, and had at least two employees in the year of birth or 2. It existed before year xx, had less than two employees in the previous two years and had at least two employees in year xx (entry by growth) • The growth should not be due to the take-over of another enterprise.

13. Identification of births • Identification of enterprise births takes several steps: • Step 1: Population of active enterprises = Nxx For further steps in the procedure it is necessary to produce also populations N(xx-1) and N(xx-2) • Step 2: New enterprises in year xx • Step 3: Elimination of reactivations • Step 4: Elimination of other creations The matching process should include matches on name, economic activity and location.

14. Exclusions from birth • Events leading to a creation of a new enterprise, but which should be excluded from the statistics on enterprise births are: 1. Enterprises that are created by merging production factors or by splitting them into two (or more) enterprises (breakups, mergers, split-offs, restructuring) 2. Newly created enterprises that simply take over the activity of a previously created enterprise (take-over) 3. Any creations of additional legal units/enterprises solely for the purpose of providing a single production factor (e.g. the real estate or personnel) or an ancillary activity for an existing enterprise 4. An enterprise that is registered when an existing enterprise changes legal form 5. Reactivated enterprises if they restart activity within 2 calendar years 6. Temporary associations and joint ventures that do not involve the creation of new factors of production

15. Birth indicators • Births as a percentage of the population of active enterprises (birth rates). • Births by size class. • Births per 10,000 of the population. • Births per 10,000 of total active population aged 15-64 • Persons employed in newly born enterprises in year xx as a proportion of the total number of persons employed in the population of active enterprises in year xx (both in head counts) • Employees in newly born enterprises in year xx as a proportion of number of persons employed in newly born enterprises in year xx (both in head counts)