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Atms 3600 Climates of the World

Atms 3600 Climates of the World. Anthony R. Lupo Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences 302 E ABNR Building University of Missouri – Columbia Columbia, MO 65211. Day 1. Climates of the World Atmospheric Science / Environmental Science 3600

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Atms 3600 Climates of the World

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  1. Atms 3600 Climates of the World Anthony R. Lupo Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences 302 E ABNR Building University of Missouri – Columbia Columbia, MO 65211

  2. Day 1 • Climates of the World • Atmospheric Science / Environmental Science 3600 • TTH 11:00 – 12:15 / 3 credits • Location: 212 Middlebush • Instructor(s): Dr. Anthony R. Lupo Office Hours: TTH 9:30 am - 11:00 am • Address: 302 E ABNR Building • Phone: 88-41638 • Fax: 88-45070 • Note: Dr. Randy Miles will contribute to this course later in the semester. His contact information is: 334 ABNR Building, 884-6607 • Email: LupoA@missouri.edu • lupo@bergeron.snr.missouri.edu • Webpage (personal):www.missouri.edu/~lupoa/author.html • (class):www.missouri.edu/~lupoa/atms3600.html • Grading (policy and procedure): “Straight” • Note: the +/- system will be used since the University asks that this system be applied. • 97 - 100 A+ 77 - 79 C+ • 92 - 97 A 72 - 79 C • 89 - 92 A- 69 - 72 C- • 87 - 89 B+ 67 - 69 D+ • 82 - 87 B 62 - 67 D • 79 - 82 B - 60 - 62 D- • < 60 F

  3. Day 1 • Grading Distribution: • Final Exam: 20% • 2 Tests: 40% • Homework / Project: 30% • Class participation: 10% • Attendance: Should not be an issue at this level! (Every unexcused absence will cost 1 participation point up to 10) • Texts: None required • Suggested references: • Aguado, E. and J.E. Burt, 2004: Understanding Weather and Climate, 3rd ed. Prentice – Hall. 544 pp. (required) • -or- • Ahrens, C.D., 2003: Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment. 7th Edition Brooks Cole, 544 pp. (Required) • Bluestein, H.B., 1992: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in the Mid-latitudes. Vol I: Principles of Kinematics and Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 431 pp. • Diaz, H.F., and V. Markgraf, 2000: El Nino and the Southern Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, 496 pp (ISBN 0 – 521-62138 – 0) • Holton, J.R., 2004: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Inter, 535 pp. • Hess, S.L., 1959: An Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Inc., 362 pp. • Peixoto, J.P., and A.H. Oort, 1992: The physics of climate. American Institute of Physics, New York, 520 pp. • Various Journal Articles and references! • Course Prerequisites: • Atmospheric Science 1050. Math 1120, or their equivalents.

  4. Day 1 • Friday, 16 May 2008 - 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm. • Class Calendar • Week 1: 22 24 January  Introduction to Atms 3600 • Week 2: 29 31 January  Final Project Introductions Ground Hog’s Day. A Climatologist’s Holiday!? • Week 3: 5 7 February  • Week 4: 12 14 February  • Week 5: 19 21 February  Exam 1 on 21 February covering material through • 19 February. • Week 6: 26 28 February  • Week 7: 4 6 March  • Week 8: 11 13 March  • Week 9: 18 20 March  • Week 10: 25 27 March  Spring Break, No classes!! • Week 11: 1 3 April  Test 2 on 3 April covering material through 1 • April. • Week 12: 8 10 April  Dr. Miles will teach this week. • Week 13: 15 17 April  • Week 14: 22 24 April  • Week 15: 29 1 May  • Week 16: 6 8 May  Final Project Due / Review for exam?. • Finals Week: 12 - 16 May, 2008 • Spring 2008 Dates and Deadlines

  5. Day 1 • Jan 14 - 18 Regular Registration January 18Easy Access Registration (12 - 6 p.m.) - 130 Jesse January 21 Martin Luther King Holiday - no classes January 22 Class work begins - 8:00 a.m. Jan 22 - 29 Late registrationLate fee assessed beginning January 22 January 29 Last day to register, add or change sections Jan 30 - Feb 25 Drop Only February 5 Last day to change grading options February 18 Census Day - last day to register for CDIS courses for spring February 25 Last day to drop course without a grade Mar 3 - 21 Early Registration start times for SS08/FS08 for current students only Mar 24 - 30 Spring Break - no classes April 7 Last day to withdraw from a course April 15 Last day to transfer divisions May 8* Spring semester class work ends May 8* Last day to withdraw from the university May 9* Reading Day May 12 Final Examinations begin May 12-16 Registration for SS2008 and FS2008 for current students only May 16 Spring 2008 semester ends at close of day May 16 - 18 Commencement weekend • Syllabus ** • Introductory and Background Material • Climate Definitions, Statistics, Atmospheric Composition • Global Energy Balance, Radiative Transfer, Temperature • Wind and Pressure Patterns, Moisture. • Atmospheric Moisture, Water Cycle, Precipitation, Drought. • General Circulation, the three cell model, types of eddies. • Ocean Currents and Climate, Koeppen Classification of Climates • Climatic Oscillations, El Nino, PDO, NAO • Soils and Climate Interactions on World Wide Land Use and Cultural Applications. • Climate Modelling • Past Climates • 12. Climate Change • Special Statements:

  6. Day 1 • Special Statements: • ADA Statement (reference: MU sample statement) • Please do not hesitate to talk to me! • If you need accommodations because of a disability, if you have emergency medical information to share with me, or if you need special arrangements in case the building must be evacuated, please inform me immediately. Please see me privately after class, or at my office. • Office location: 302 ABNR Building Office hours : 12:30 – 2:00 TTH • To request academic accommodations (for example, a notetaker), students must also register with Disability Services, AO38 Brady Commons, 882-4696. It is the campus office responsible for reviewing documentation provided by students requesting academic accommodations, and for accommodations planning in cooperation with students and instructors, as needed and consistent with course requirements. Another resource, MU's Adaptive Computing Technology Center, 884-2828, is available to provide computing assistance to students with disabilities. • Academic Dishonesty (Reference: MU sample statement and policy guidelines) • Any student who commits an act of academic dishonesty is subject to disciplinary action. • The procedures for disciplinary action will be in accordance with the rules and regulations of the University governing disciplinary action. • Academic honesty is fundamental to the activities and principles of a university. All members of the academic community must be confident that each person's work has been responsibly and honorably required, developed, and presented. Any effort to gain an advantage not given to all students is dishonest whether or not the effort is successful. The academic community regards academic dishonesty as an extremely serious matter, with serious consequences that range from probation to expulsion. When in doubt about plagiarism, paraphrasing, quoting, or collaboration, consult the instructor. In cases of suspected plagiarism, the instructor is required to inform the provost. The instructor does not have discretion in deciding whether to do so. • It is the duty of any instructor who is aware of an incident of academic dishonesty in his/her course to report the incident to the provost and to inform his/her own department chairperson of the incident. Such report should be made as soon as possible and should contain a detailed account of the incident (with supporting evidence if appropriate) and indicate any action taken by the instructor with regard to the student's grade. The instructor may include an opinion of the seriousness of the incident and whether or not he/she considers disciplinary action to be appropriate. The decision as to whether disciplinary proceedings are instituted is made by the provost. It is the duty of the provost to report the disposition of such cases to the instructor concerned.

  7. Day 1 • Intro Climates and Composition of the Atmosphere • Weather vs. Climate • Weather: day to day state of atmosphere

  8. Day 1 • Climate: mean state over a long period of time (World Meteorological Organization - 30 years) • Climate Change: Any change in the long term statistical character of the climate • Change in mean or variability both count!

  9. Day 1 • Spatial/Temporal Scales • Micro- 1 hour / <10km / tornadoes • Meso- 1hr-1day / 10-2000km /MCCs

  10. Day 1 • Spatial/Temporal Scales • Synoptic- 1 day-1 week / 2000-7000km / cyclones • Planetary- >1 wk/ >7000km / blocking monsoons

  11. Day 1 • Atmospheric Composition • Homosphere: <80 km, good mixture of gas, we focus here • Heterosphere: above 80 km, gases separate by atomic weight

  12. Day 1/2 • Atmospheric Composition • Nitrogen 78%, • Oxygen 20.9%, • Argon .9% • CO2 380 ppm, • Water Vapor (big greenhouse gas, 0.2%-4%)

  13. Day 1/2

  14. Day 1/2 • Vertical Profile • Troposphere: Temp Decrease with height (-6C/km) <10km • Stratosphere: Temp Inversion (+3C/km) 10-50km • Mesosphere: Temp Decreases (-4C/km) (coldest part of atmosphere) • Thermosphere: hottest

  15. Day 2 • Global Energy Balance • Climate System (Earth-Atmos. System) • Assumes: • Earth-Atmos System receives energy from the Sun (99.9%), the rest come from space (.01%) and geothermal energy (earth’s core)

  16. Day 2

  17. Day 2 • Convection-bulk transfer of energy by a fluid (liquid or gas) • Conduction-energy of contact (hot to cold) (ground heats the first 6 inches of atmosphere) • Radiation-does not need a medium to be transferred (sun heats earth’s surface)

  18. Day 2

  19. Day 2 • Geothermal includes radioactive decay • Energy leaves the atmos in the form of infrared energy • Energy Transfer • The sun heats the earth’s surface (contact point)…primary • 3 energy processes

  20. Day 3 • Conservation Principles • Incoming radiation = outgoing radiation (come back to energy budgets in next lecture) • Conservation of Energy

  21. Day 3 • 3 Governing Principles for Climate Studies (described by 7 “primitive” eqns) • Cons of Energy • Cons of Mass (includes moisture) • Cons of Momentum

  22. Day 3

  23. Day 2

  24. Day 3 • 5 Components of the Climate System • Each Studied Separately – time scales in (_) for climate change (due to forcing) • Atmosphere (very fast, hours-3 weeks) • Oceans (very slow, 1 month-100,000+ years)

  25. Day 3

  26. Day 3 • Lithosphere - land mass (years to Earth’s age) • Biosphere - plants and animals (see above) • Cryosphere - ice caps (same as oceans) • Atmosphere is a servant to the boundaries below it (short time scale).

  27. Day 3 • Heat Energy (Margules 1903) • Energy is generated in the atmos by sunlight (diabatic processes includes solar, latent, and sensible heating • Sits in reservoir called Total Potential Energy (TPE)

  28. Day 3 TPE converted into KE by cyclones (eddies) • This KE is dissipated by friction

  29. Day 3

  30. Day 3/4 • Energy • Potential energy- energy of position relative to some baseline in a field (gravitational PE) • Internal Energy- energy that exists by virtue of an object that has a temperature • 1 and 2 make up TPE

  31. Day 3/4 • Kinetic Energy- energy of motion (for our purposes ignore molecular level) • Latent Heating- energy from phase change • 5) Oceanic Heat Transport- cannot ignore even though it is a small part.

  32. Day 4 • Energy Transfer with Climate System • Incoming solar radiation decreases from equator to pole • Outgoing radiation is such that outgoing radiation is strongest at pole and falls off slower than incoming to the pole • Energy surplus in the tropics, balance around 35 deg N lat., and deficit in the polar regions

  33. Day 4 • The Surplus approx. equals the Deficit. • Need equilibrium (2nd Law of Thermo)- so we get a transfer energy from hot (source) equator to cold (sink) pole. (Cyclones and Anticyclones involved)

  34. Day 4 • Radiative Transfer • Electromagnetic Spectrum • X-Ray 0.01 microns, Ultraviolet .1, Visible .4 microns • Near Infrared >1-8 microns, Microwave, Radio, Etc. • EM Spectrum

  35. Day 4 • EM Spectrum (Glossary of Met – and Ahrens)

  36. Day 4 • EM (NASA)

  37. Day 4 • Wavelenght (λ) & Frequency () • Inversely related • Do a dimension analysis if you want • C=3x108 m/s

  38. Day 4 • Solar Energy • Output of energy by the sun is about 3.9x1026 Watts (J/s) • Flux density = Energy/Surface area

  39. Day 4 • Flux density of: Sun=3.9x1026/(4*p*(7x108)2)=6.34x107 W/m2 • Earth intercepts only one 2-billionth of this…solar constant ~1370 W/m2 (substitute 1.5x1011m) • For a square meter at the top of atmos. 342.5 W/m2

  40. Day 4 • Solar Activity • Def’n: Solar luminosity: Flux density of radiant energy from the sun that falls on a unit area held normal to the direction of the sun just outside the earth’s atmosphere

  41. Day 4 • Hotplate (1000 W over .2 m2= 50000W/m2) • Sun spots can cause a slight energy surplus for the Earth, little ice age (constant CO2 of 280 ppm, thus solar variations?)

  42. Day 4 • Blackbody Radiation • BB is a coherent mass of material (such as a surface or collection of molecules) which have the attribute that all radiation incident is absorbed • Cor: it can be shown that radiation emitted by a BB is the max possible by a real body at that temp (stars).

  43. Day 4 • Most of the light directed at a star is absorbed. It is therefore capable of absorbing all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, so is also capable of emitting all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. • Emissivity=Absortivity=100% for a blackbody (Kirchoff’s Law)

  44. Day 4 • Wien’s Law • Wavelength (max) =2897/T (T in K) • Wavelength (microns) for peak emission for a blackbody at temp T

  45. Day 4 • Wien’s Law • Important consequence…solar radiation is concentrated more toward the visible and near infrared spectrum, where radiation emitted by planets tends to be long IR • IR lost to space (IR heats atmos.)

  46. Day 4 • Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law • Energy emitted by a blackbody is proportional to T4 • E=sT4 (sigma is S-B const) = 5.67*10-8

  47. Day 4 If the surface of the sun emitted as a BB then T=5783 K • We can set up an exercise to show that the effective BB temp of earth is 255 K • This is not the temp if there was no atmosphere more to take into account besides an albedo assumption

  48. Day 4 • What is the point? • Sun can be assumed a blackbody • Earth is not • Have to take into account absorptance: % of radiation absorbed by a sfc

  49. Day 4/5 • Emittance-% of energy emitted at a sfc at a particular temp • Transmittance- % of energy passing through a substance (A+T=1) • Reflectance (Albedo (a))- % reflected • For ATMS= Refl.+Abs.+Trans.=1

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