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Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding. History of human milk.

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Breastfeeding

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  1. Breastfeeding

  2. History of human milk At the dawn of the twentieth century, nearly all children were human milk fed - either maternally breastfed or provided with donated human milk. Over the next one hundred years, a number of dramatic changes took place including the replacement of human milk by artificial feeding products. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, human milk feeding was once again the recommended method of infant feeding. Experts recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months and the introduction of age appropriate foods with breast milk to remain in the diet for one year and beyond.

  3. By the late 19th century, with the beginning of milk analysis, the first infant "formulas" were developed. Due to its availability, cow's milk, although very different from human milk, was used in the development of these "formulas." These early infant "formulas" often provided by the individual physician, involved complicated methods of modification of cow's milk. During the first half of the twentieth century a number of cultural changes resulted in the replacement of human milk by artificial feeding as the normal method of infant feeding. These cultural changes included medicalization of birth, changing physician and women's roles, increasing influence of science and increasing advertising of "formula." By the 1950's, most hospitals and health professionals in the developed world promoted artificial feeding as the feeding method of choice.

  4. The marketing of artificial feeding products is the most successful marketing campaign ever undertaken by the general public and many health professionals, of a safe optimum product equal to or better than human milk. By the 1990's with evidence of safety and increased research on the benefits of human milk, most hospitals and health professionals in the developed world promoted breastfeeding as the feeding method of choice.

  5. Personal decision Choosing whether to breastfeed or formula feed your baby is a personal decision. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Dietetic Association recommend breast feeding as the best for babies.

  6. Breastfeeding advantages Infection fighting.- Antibodies passed from a nursing mother to her baby, can help lower the occurrence of many conditions, including:

  7. Breast milk is free and saves money • Immunities and antibodies are passed through the mother’s milk to the breastfed infants. Therefore, breastfed infants have fewer episodes of infections which reduces the cost of doctor visits, prescriptions and over the counter medicines. • Breast milk contains the right balance of nutrients for your baby, is easier to digest than commercial formula, and the antibodies in breast milk boost the baby’s immune system.

  8. Formula feeding challenges • Lack of antibodies. None of the important antibodies found in breast milk are found in manufactured formula. Formula does not provide the baby with added protection against infection and illness that breast feeding does. • Expense. During the first year of life the cost of basic formula can run about $1500. • Possibility of producing gas and constipation. • Formula can’t match the complexity of breast milk.

  9. Beneficial for moms • Convenience- breast milk is always available and fresh. • The ability to nourish a baby helps the new mother to feel more confident in her ability to care for her baby. • Breastfeeding helps shrink the uterus. • Less chances of breast cancer and other cancers • With the right diet moms may be able to return to their pre-pregnancy shape and weight quicker.

  10. The nursing mother’s diet • Women who are breastfeeding need to be careful about what they eat and drink, since food is passed to the baby through their breast milk. A nursing mother produces 25-30 ounces of milk. • Avoid fish that are high in mercury and uncooked foods. • Avoid alcohol, drugs and smoking. • Caffeine intake should be kept to no more than 300mg (1-3 cups of regular coffee per day) • Eat a healthy diet. • Drink lots of fluids, like water and milk. Limit sodas and caffeinated drinks.

  11. A nursing mother should increase her calorie consumption.

  12. What every mom needs to know • Breast feeding can be challenging. You may need more practice and more patience. • Ask for help right away. • The maternity nurses or the hospital’s lactation consultants can help you: to position your baby and make sure that she or he is latching correctly. • To get started get comfortable. Support yourself with pillows if needed. • For the first few weeks, most newborns breast feed every two to three hours around the clock.

  13. Let your baby nurse from the first breast thoroughly, until the breast feels soft (15-20 minutes). Then try burping the baby. After that, offer the second breast. • Hold off on a pacifier, since sucking a breast is different from sucking on a pacifier, it may interfere with breast feeding. • If you are exclusively breastfeeding check with your baby’s doctor about vitamin D.

  14. Take care of your nipples • Take care of your nipples. It is ok to let the milk dry naturally on your nipple. • Try to keep your nipples dry between feedings, change bra pads often. • When you bathe, keep soap, shampoo and other cleansers away from your nipples. • If your nipples are dry or cracked, apply an ointment containing lanolin after each feeding. • When your baby is latched on successfully, you will feel a gentle pulling sensation on your breast, rather that a pinching or biting sensation on your nipple.

  15. Maternal medical conditions and breast surgery. • Be cautious with medication. Only take medication with your health care provider’s OK. • Medical conditions such as HIV or AIDS or those that involve chemotherapy or treatment with certain medications may make breast feeding unsafe. • Women who have had breast surgery, such as reduction, may have difficulty with supply milk if their ducts have been severed. • Always talk to your health care provider.

  16. Proper handling of human milk • Wash your hands before expressing or handling breast milk. • When collecting milk, store in clean containers, such as screw cap bottles, hard plastic cups, or special bags for nursery bottles. • Label the milk with the date that it was expressed. • Do not add fresh milk to already frozen milk. • Thaw frozen milk by transferring it to the refrigerator for thawing. • Do not re-freeze breast milk once it has been thawed.

  17. Storage Duration of fresh human milk

  18. Breastfeeding report card The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) provides the most current data on breastfeeding goals outlined in Healthy People 2010.

  19. Breastfeeding laws • President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 3590 and Reconciliation Act of H.R. 4872 in March 2010. Among many provisions, Section 4207 of the law amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to require an employer to provide reasonable break time for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for one year after child’s birth each time such employee has need to express milk. The employer is not required to compensate an employee receiving reasonable break time for any work time spent for such purpose. The employer must also provide a place, other than a bathroom, for the employee to express breast milk. (An employer that employs fewer that 50 employees is not subject to these requirements).

  20. NY Civil rights Law. Permits a mother to breastfeed her child in any public or private location. • NY Labor Law. States that employers must allow breastfeeding mothers reasonable unpaid break times to express milk and make a reasonable attempt to provide a private location for her to do so. Prohibits discrimination against breastfeeding mothers. • NY Penal Law. Excludes breastfeeding of infants from exposure offenses. • NY Public Health Law. Provides that the Maternal and Child Health commissioner has the power to adopt regulations and guidelines including, but not limited to donor standards, methods of collection, and standards for storage and distribution of human breast milk.

  21. Human milk banks • When maternal milk is inadequate or lacking, particularly for high risk or premature infants, pasteurized donor milk is the next best option. Donor milk banking plays an important role in meeting these recommendations • In the absence of the infant’s own mother’s milk, donor milk offers many benefits of human milk for the infant including: optimal nutrition, easy digestibility, immunologic protection.

  22. Human milk also contains growth factors that can protect immature tissue, promote maturation, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and promote healing of tissue damaged by infection. • Common reasons for prescribing donor milk include: prematurity, allergies, feeding formula intolerances, immunologic deficiencies, post operative nutrition, infectious diseases, inborn errors of metabolism.

  23. How does a donor bank operate? • Donor milk banks receive milk from lactating mothers who have been carefully screened for health behaviors and communicable diseases, similarly to the way blood banks screen donors. • Milk is transported to the milk bank frozen. The milk from several donors is pooled after thawing, and then heat-treated to kill bacteria or viruses(pasteurized). The milk is processed and then refrozen. It is only dispensed after a sample is cultured and shows no bacteria growth. Milk is shipped frozen by overnight express to hospitals and to individual recipients at home. • The milk is dispensed by physician prescription or by hospital purchase order only.

  24. Http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tm7qUSBB2lg • UI Childrens Hospital: Mother's Milk Bank of Iowa

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