FIREWALLS & NETWORK SECURITY with Intrusion Detection and VPNs, 2 nd Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Informati

1. FIREWALLS & NETWORK SECURITY with Intrusion Detection and VPNs, 2nd Edition Chapter 1Introduction toInformation Security

2. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Explain the relationship among the component parts of information security, especially network security • Define the key terms and critical concepts of information and network security • Describe the organizational roles of information and network security professionals • Understand the business need for information and network security • Identify the threats posed to information and network security, as well as the common attacks associated with those threats • Differentiate threats to information within systems from attacks against information within systems Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1

3. Introduction • Firewalls and network security are critical components in securing day-to-day operations of nearly every organization in business today • Before learning to plan, design, and implement firewalls and network security, it is important to understand the larger topic of information security and how these two components fit into it Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1

4. What Is Information Security? • Information security (InfoSec) is defined by standards published by CNSS as the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information • To protect information and related systems, organizations must implement policy, awareness training and education, and technology Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 4

5. Figure 1-1Components of Information Security Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 5

6. What is Information Security? (continued) • C.I.A. triangle consists of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability • List of characteristics has expanded over time, but these three remain central • Successful organization maintains multiple layers of security: • Network security • Physical security • Personal security • Operations security • Communications security Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 6

7. Critical Characteristics of Information • Availability enables authorized users to access information without interference or obstruction and to receive it in required format • Accuracy means information is free from error and has the value the end user expects • Authenticity is quality or state of being genuine or original, rather than reproduced or fabricated; information is authentic when it is what was originally created, placed, stored, or transferred Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 7

8. Critical Characteristics of Information (continued) • Confidentiality is when information is protected from exposure to unauthorized entities • Integrity is when information remains whole, complete, and uncorrupted • Utility of information is quality or state of having value for some end purpose; information must be in a format meaningful to end user • Possession is ownership or control of some object or item; information is in one’s possession if one obtains it, independent of format or other characteristics Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 8

9. Figure 1-2 The CIA Triad and the McCumber Cube Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 9

10. Securing Components • When computer is subject of an attack, it is used as active tool to conduct attack • When computer is object of an attack, it is entity being attacked • Direct attack is when hacker uses a computer to break into a system • Indirect attack is when a system is compromised and used to attack other systems, such as a botnet or other distributed denial-of-service attack Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 10

11. Figure 1-3 Computer as the Subject and Object of an Attack Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 11

12. Balancing Information Access and Security • Information security cannot be an absolute; it is a process, not a goal • Information security should balance protection and availability • To achieve balance—to operate information system to satisfaction of users and security professionals—level of security must allow reasonable access, yet protect against threats Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 12

13. Security Professionals and the Organization • Chief Information Officer • Senior technology officer • Primarily responsible for advising senior executive(s) for strategic planning • Chief Information Security Officer • Individual primarily responsible for assessment, management, and implementation of securing information in the organization • May also be referred to as Manager for Security, Security Administrator, or a similar title Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 13

14. Security Professionals and the Organization (continued) Information security project team should consist of individuals experienced in one or more facets of vast array of technical and nontechnical areas: • Champion • Team leader • Security policy developers • Risk assessment specialists • Security professionals • System, network, and storage administrators • End users Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 14

15. Data Ownership • Data owner: responsible for the security and use of a particular set of information • Data custodian: responsible for the storage, maintenance, and protection of the information • Data users: the end systems users who work with the information to perform their daily jobs supporting the mission of the organization Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 15

16. Threats Sun Tzu Wu: • “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. • If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. • If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.” Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 16

17. Threats (continued) • To make sound decisions about information security, management must be informed about the various threats facing the organization, its people, applications, data, and information systems—that is, the enemy • In the context of information security, a threatis an object, person, or other entity that represents a constant danger to an asset Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 17

18. Threats (continued) Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 18

19. Figure 1-5 Human Error or Failure Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 19

20. Figure 1-6 Shoulder Surfing Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 20

21. Figure 1-7 Hacker Profiles Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 21

22. Espionage or Trespass (continued) • Generally two skill levels among hackers: • Expert hacker • Develops software scripts and codes exploits • Usually a master of many skills • Often creates attack software to share with others • Unskilled hackers (script kiddies) • Hackers of limited skill • Use expert-written software to exploit a system • Do not usually fully understand systems they hack Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 22

23. Espionage or Trespass (continued) • Other terms for system rule breakers: • Cracker: “cracks” or removes protection designed to prevent unauthorized duplication • Phreaker: hacks the public telephone network Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 23

24. Information Extortion • Information extortion is an attacker or formerly trusted insider stealing information from a computer system and demanding compensation for its return or non-use • Extortion found in credit card number theft Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 24

25. Software Attacks • When an individual or group designs software to attack systems, they create malicious code called malware • Designed to damage, destroy, or deny service to target systems • Includes: • Virus (macro virus or boot virus ) • Worms • Trojan horses • Back door or trap door • Polymorphic • Virus and worm “hoaxes” Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 25

26. Figure 1-8 Trojan Horse Attack Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 26

27. Forces of Nature • Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God are dangerous because they are unexpected and can occur with very little warning • Can disrupt not only the lives of individuals, but also the storage, transmission, and use of information • Include fire, flood, earthquake, and lightning as well as electrostatic discharge • Since it is not possible to avoid many of these threats, management must implement controls to limit damage and also prepare contingency plans for continued operations Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 27

28. Deviations in Quality of Service • Situations of product or services not delivered as expected • Information system depends on many inter-dependent support systems • Service issues that dramatically affect the availability of information and systems include: • Internet service • Communications service • Power irregularities Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 28

29. Power Irregularities • Power irregularities are common and lead to fluctuations such as: • Spike: momentary increase • Surge: prolonged increase • Sag: momentary low voltage • Brownout: prolonged drop • Fault: momentary loss of power • Blackout: prolonged loss • Electronic equipment is susceptible to fluctuations; controls can be applied to manage power quality Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 29

30. Malicious Code • This kind of attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information • The state of the art in attacking systems is the multi-vector worm using up to six attack vectors to exploit a variety of vulnerabilities in commonly found information system devices Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 30

31. Table 1-2 Attack Replication Vectors New Table Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 31

32. Attack Descriptions • “Hoaxes”: a more devious approach to attacking computer systems is transmission of a virus hoax, with a real virus attached • Back doors: using a known or previously unknown and newly discovered access mechanism, an attacker can gain access to a system or network resource • Password crack: attempting to reverse calculate a password Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 32

33. Attack Descriptions (continued) • Brute force: the application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password • Dictionary: the dictionary password attack narrows the field by selecting specific accounts to attack and uses a list of commonly used passwords (the dictionary) to guide guesses Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 33

34. Attack Descriptions (continued) • Denial-of-service (DoS): attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target; so many requests are made that the target system cannot handle them successfully along with other, legitimate requests for service • May result in a system crash or merely an inability to perform ordinary functions • Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS): attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 34

35. Figure 1-9 Denial-of-Service Attacks Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 35

36. Attack Descriptions (continued) • Spoofing: technique used to gain unauthorized access whereby the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host • Man-in-the-Middle: in this attack, an attacker sniffs packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network; also called TCP hijacking • Spam: unsolicited commercial e-mail; while many consider spam a nuisance rather than an attack, it is emerging as a vector for some attacks Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 36

37. Figure 1-10 IP Spoofing Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 37

38. Figure 1-11 Man-in-the-Middle Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 38

39. Attack Descriptions (continued) • Mail-bombing: another form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target • Sniffer: program and/or device that can monitor data traveling over a network; can be used for both legitimate network management and for stealing information from a network • Social engineering: within the context of information security, the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 39

40. Attack Descriptions (continued) • “People are the weakest link. You can have the best technology; firewalls, intrusion-detection systems, biometric devices ... and somebody can call an unsuspecting employee. That's all she wrote, baby. They got everything.” • “Brick attack”: the best configured firewall in the world can’t stand up to a well-placed brick Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 40

41. Attack Descriptions (continued) • Buffer overflow: application error occurs when more data is sent to buffer than it can handle; when buffer overflows, attacker can make target system execute instructions or attacker can take advantage of some other unintended consequence of the failure • Timing attack: relatively new, works by exploring contents of Web browser’s cache; can allow collection of information on access to password-protected sites • Another attack by the same name involves attempting to intercept cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 41

42. Chapter Summary • Firewalls and network security are essential components for securing systems that businesses use to run day-to-day operations • Information security is protection of information and its critical elements, including systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that data • C.I.A. triangle based on confidentiality, integrity, availability of info and systems that process it • CNSS Security model (McCumber Cube) provides graphical description of approach used in computer and information security Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 42

43. Chapter Summary (continued) • Computer can be subject of attack or object of attack; two types of attacks: direct and indirect • Information security not an absolute: a process, not a goal; should balance reasonable access and availability while protecting against threats • Information security performs four functions: • Protects organization’s ability to function • Enables safe operation of applications implemented on organization’s IT systems • Protects data that organization collects and uses • Safeguards technology assets of organization Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 43

44. Chapter Summary (continued) • Requires wide range of professionals and skill sets to support information security program • Information security project team includes: team leader, security policy developers, risk assessment specialists, security professionals, systems, network and storage administrators, and end users • Three types of data ownership: data owner, data custodian, and data user • Threat is object, person, or other entity that represents a constant danger to assets Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 44

45. Chapter Summary (continued) • Attack is deliberate act or action that takes advantage of vulnerability to compromise controlled system • Vulnerability is identified weakness in controlled system • Major types of attacks include: malicious code, “hoaxes” of malicious code, back doors, password cracking, DoS, DDoS, spoofing, man-in-the-middle, spam, mail bombing, sniffers, social engineering, buffer overflow, and timing attacks Firewalls & Network Security, 2nd ed. - Chapter 1 Slide 45