leaving the early modern period…

1. leaving the early modern period… • Dynasties founded by virtuous rulers; corrupt heirs lose Mandate of Heaven; conquered by foreign invaders or peasant rebels • Recent explanations: periods of extreme technological development, population growth, and economic & cultural change lead to political instability • When conquerors were non-Han (often steppe people), they were only partly assimilated • Legacy of middle period: China as a diverse, often conflicted, multiethnic empire

2. Part III: China in the World System -- the last dynastyQing (1644-1911)

3. The “16th-century crisis”? • revolution in world monetary structures • sharp fluctuations in the levels of international and domestic trade • dramatic increases in governmental expenditure • significant changes in the growth rates and geographical distribution of population • deteriorating climatic conditions • outbreaks of epidemic disease

4. Late-Ming problems and controversies • Influx of foreign silver: destabilized Ming economy, led to rapid inflation • Expense of foreign wars depleted imperial coffers, led to higher taxation • Overtaxed farmers fled land, leading to decrease in food production • “little ice age” of the 17th century • Widespread corruption, problem of eunuchs

5. Li Zicheng: deserted soldier & unsuccessful official Becomes leader of a group of bandits in very remote part of the country 1644: attacks Peking; the last Ming emperor commits suicide The Ming is attacked from within

6. Considered themselves descended from the Jin Dynasty Jurchen tribes mountain/nomadic: trappers, traders, gold, etc. By late Ming, start settling just north of the wall and become more sedentary & agricultural; intermarry with Chinese and adopt many elements of Chinese culture Still, not really a central, unifying political/military force A Jurchen state takes shape Korean painting of Jurchen warriors

7. Rewarded by Ming for defending Korea from Japan Begins to expand power among Jurchen tribes Develops written Manchu script & declares himself “khan” Attacks Liaodong peninsula Captures Shenyang (1621), Liaoyang (1625); makes Shenyang his capital Nurhaci (1559-1626)

8. Banner system

10. Nurhaci leads the Battle of Sarhu (1619)

11. Nurhaci captures Liaoyang (1621)

12. Establishes Chinese-style bureaucracy, with competitive examinations Hires Chinese advisors and establishes ethnic Chinese banners 1636: names his dynasty the “Qing” 1638: conquers Korea, forces tribute Begins raiding areas north of Peking, but cannot cross Great Wall Hong Taiji (1592-1643) & Sinification

13. Regent after Hong Taiji’s death Leads the armies that cross Great Wall, conquer China Dorgon

14. aside on the Great Wall… • 6,352 km (3,948 miles) long, from Shanhaiguan to Jiayuguan • Average dimensions roughly 18 feet wide and 25 feet high, 40 feet high at the watchtowers • Most watchtowers not garrisoned at any given time. Troops regularly redeployed between watchtowers. The goal was to keep invading enemy guessing how many defending soldiers might be occupying a given watchtower.

15. How the Manchus conquered China • Ming court already been defeated by Li Zicheng • Ming general Wu Sangui allows Qing to enter through Shanhai pass

17. The queue – early, mid, late Qing Manchus require Chinese to adopt queue—“keep your hair and lose your head”

18. Dress styles for Manchu women (below) – quite distinctive from Han Chinese (left) Manchu women prohibited from binding their feet

20. Early adoption of Confucian bureaucratic style Most high officials ethnically Han Emphasis on proper Confucian ritual; persecution of heterodox religious groups Sinicization? Kangxi Emperor as a scholar

21. Cultivation of both Chinese literary arts and Manchu martial culture Revival of Manchu language Patronage of Lamaist Buddhism Qianlong Emperor – more Chinese than Chinese

22. Qianlong portrayed as the Buddha Thangka (Lord of Infinite Light, in celestial paradise)

23. The “small Potala” in Chengde, the Qing summer palace

24. Emphasis on Confucian propriety and moral order Civil examination system girds state-gentry alliance Women’s roles – conservative reaction to late-Ming tolerance, anxiety regarding economic & social change Qing political & social institutions

25. one official for every 119,000 people (1700) After population explosion in 19th century, one official for every 320,000 (1900) Today, one official for every 2,000 people “Bureaucratic Veneer” Officials of the Zongli Yamen, in charge of foreign affairs, late 19th c.

26. Lifanyuan—established in 1638 to administer relations with other non-Han groups Ethnic Han Chinese not allowed to settle in frontier areas like Xinjiang or Manchuria Dealing with other ethnicities

28. By the seventeenth century, European traders trying to increase contact with East Asia and China Can Chinese leaders find a way to deal with foreigners outside tributary system? Problems of foreign encroachment…

29. Adam Brand, In the Presence of the Qing Emperor in Beijing, 1706

30. Come towards the twilight of Ming rule Emphasis on Enlightenment science Personified by the great scholar Matteo Ricci (1552-1610); with Xu Guangqi, translated parts of Euclid's Elements into Chinese Arrival of the Jesuits, 1579 Matteo Ricci & Xu Guangqi, frontspiece to their translation of the Elements

31. Could Chinese Christians still honor ancestors through home altars, etc.? Early Jesuits: ancestor tablets, etc. reflected respect, not idolatry Franciscans & Dominicans: idolatry, incompatible with Catholocism Why so heated on both sides? Christians: reflected European conflicts over proper religious practice, anxiety concerning dilution of Catholic doctrine China: Qing emperors concerned to protect Confucian orthodoxy “Rites Controversy,” 1705-1706

32. Tea Trade • Tea—80% of the China trade; trade surplus (In China’s favor) was 16 million ounces of silver • By the late 1820’s, enough tea was imported to England to give every man, woman, and child two pounds a year Tea warehouse in Canton

33. Opium Trade • First introduced to China in 1600’s, via Dutch; later produced in British colonies in India & elsewhere • By early 1800’s, up to 3-5% of the population addicted • Opium use & trade outlawed by Qing, but trade continued to grow • By 1830’s, trade deficit (in China’s disfavor) was 9 million ounces of silver a year

34. First Opium War, 1839-1942 Treaty of Nanjing leads to unequal treaties and compromises Qing sovereignty

35. Rise of Japan as a modern threat “After the Fall of Weihaiwei, the Commander of the Chinese Beiyang Fleet, Admiral Ding Juchang, Surrenders” after 1894-95 war

36. China in the age of imperialism

37. Goal of a wealthy nation, strong military Chinese officials trying to find a way to modernize within tradition – preserve Confucianism, but adopt technology How would China modernize?

38. Chinese POWs in Japanese captivity after the war Late-Qing cartoon: temperatures rising, constitutionalism gaining

39. Fall of the Qing & Republic (1912-1949) • Sun Yat-sen emerges as national leader • Drive to repair China’s international stature, reclaim lost territory • Nationalism • Socialism • Democracy—after a period of military tutelage