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Qualitative Research

This overview examines qualitative research within the phenomenological paradigm, emphasizing that reality is socially constructed and best understood through immersion and emergent designs. Key methods include ethnography and in-depth interviews for naturalistic inquiry. The study highlights validity strategies and sampling techniques that enhance reliability and generalizability. It discusses the types of qualitative research like descriptive and historical analysis, focusing on the importance of multiple perspectives, context sensitivity, and the researcher’s role in data interpretation.

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Qualitative Research

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  1. Qualitative Research

  2. Qualitative Research Phenomenological paradigm Assumes reality is socially constructed Seeks understanding Ethnography approach Researcher becomes “immersed” Uses an emergent design

  3. Positivist paradigm Assumes an objective reality Seeks to explain causes of changes in social facts Experimental or correlational designs Researcher is detached Uses established set of procedures and steps Quantitative Research

  4. Qualitative Research Purposes: • To describe and explore • To describe and explain

  5. Themes of Qualitative Inquiry • Naturalistic Inquiry • Inductive Analysis • Holistic Perspective • Qualitative Data • Personal Contact and Insight • Dynamic Systems

  6. Themes of Qualitative Inquiry • Unique Case Orientation • Context Sensitivity • Empathic Neutrality • Design Flexibility

  7. Data Collection Methods • Direct observation • In-depth, open-ended interviews • Written documents

  8. Sources of Data • Program setting • Human, Social Environment • Planned Activities and Formal Interactions- • Informal interactions and Unplanned activities • Native Language of the Phenomenon • Nonverbal Communication • Unobtrusive Indicators • Documents • What does not happen

  9. Qualitative Interviewing • Informal-conversational • General interview guide • Standardized open-ended

  10. Purposeful Sampling • Comprehensive Sampling • Site Selection • Maximum Variation Sampling • Network Sampling

  11. Sampling by Case Type • Extreme case • Intense case • Typical case • Unique case • Reputational case • Critical case • Concept/theory-based case

  12. Sample Size • Guidelines related to • Purpose of the study • Research problem • Data collection technique • Availability of information-rich cases

  13. Validity

  14. Strategies to Enhance Validity • Prolonged and persistent field work • Multi-method strategies • Participant language • Low-inference descriptors • Multiple researchers • Mechanically recorded data • Participant researcher • Member checking • Participant review • Negative cases or discrepant data

  15. Reliability

  16. Strengths Understanding Realism Generalizability Validity Reliability Weaknesses

  17. Design • The Case study

  18. Evaluating Qualitative Research • Introduction • Is there a clear rationale for the study? • Is the literature review pertinent to the focus of the research? • Methodology • Are validity issues addressed? • Are limitations of design, data access addressed?

  19. Evaluating Qualitative Research • Findings and Interpretations • Are perspectives of different participants clearly presented and is contextual information provided? • Are multiple perspectives presented? • Are the results well documented and interpretations linked to the results? • Are personal beliefs kept separate from the data? • Are the interpretations reasonable? • Were researcher preconceptions and biases acknowledged?

  20. Types of Qualitative Research

  21. Types of Qualitative Research • Ethnographic • Descriptive • Historical

  22. Assignment • Critical Analysis of a Research Article

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