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THE HISTORY OF ISLAM

THE HISTORY OF ISLAM. Rels 120: Religion, Spirituality & Health 21 March 2014. Origins of Islam – Time frames. 570 to 632 CE Birth of the Prophet Muhammad 622 CE Migration from Mecca to Medina ( Hijrah ) 632 CE M’s pilgrimage to Mecca; Muhammad’s death

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THE HISTORY OF ISLAM

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  1. THE HISTORY OF ISLAM

    Rels 120: Religion, Spirituality & Health 21 March 2014 120 appleby
  2. Origins of Islam – Time frames 570 to 632 CE Birth of the Prophet Muhammad 622 CE Migration from Mecca to Medina (Hijrah) 632 CE M’s pilgrimage to Mecca; Muhammad’s death 632 to 661 CE Rule of the 4 Caliphs – successors to Muhammad 632-634 Abu Bakr 634-644 Umar ibn al-Khattab 644-656 UthmanibnAffan 656-661 Ali 661 to 750 CE Umayyad Caliphate (empire and dynasty) 120 appleby
  3. Origins of Diversity within Islam 632 to 661 CE: All 4 of the “Rightly Guided” Caliphs (Leaders) were related by blood or marriage to Muhammad 661: Ali (last of the 4) was assassinated Unrest turned into open hostilities among groups Central issues = how to choose successive community leaders; would religious authority lie with the descendants of Muhammad or religious scholars; where the Islamic empire’s capital should be 661 to 750 – Umayyad leaders experienced constant division and turmoil 120 appleby
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  5. 750 to 1258 CE: The Abbasid Dynasty 2 clear Muslim communities have emerged: The Sunnimajority (85%) – leaders should be elected to succeed the Prophet; he is the political and military leader of the community The Shiahminority (15%) – leaders must be direct descendants of Muhammad’s family; the leader is the political and also the religious leader / IMAMof the community; he is divinely inspired and authoritative 120 appleby
  6. Further divisions Shiah minority becomes further divided With the death of Jafar in 745 CE, two camps emerged with claims to succession One camp accepted Musa as successor Other camp insisted on Ismail’s son as successor → became theIsmailiMuslims (currently led by His Highness Aga Khan IV) The Ulama – religious scholars The Sufis – mystics 120 appleby
  7. Islamic Law The Ulama(religious scholars) developed Islamic law on the basis of 4 sources: The Qur’an– God’s revelation to Muhammad The Sunnah – the example set by Muhammad during his life; and the Hadith – stories reporting Muhammad’s words and actions Reasoning according to principles derived from the Qur’an, Sunnah or Hadith – to apply to new situations = Qiyas Ijma (consensus) of religious scholars 120 appleby
  8. Within Islamic law: 2 Categories #1. Duties to God – the Five Pillars: Shahadah – the statement of faith Salat – prayer Zakat – charity; concern for the needy Sawm – self-purification; fasting during Ramadan Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca for those who are able #2. Duties to others 120 appleby
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  10. #2. Duties to others; Family Law Fundamental gender equality established in the Qur’an Men and women are equal before God Men and women have equal religious and moral obligations Rights of men, women and children are to be protected 120 appleby
  11. Family Law and Tradition While the Qur’an supports equal rights, the Muslim tradition has developed within a social context of patriarchal control Men and women have roles within the family that are predetermined by views of “complementarity” This means that the Muslim tradition enshrines a split between male roles and female roles Specific characteristics, capacities and dispositions for men and women are prescribed 120 appleby
  12. “Complementary Roles” MEN Have public roles Work within the public sphere Provide financial support and protection Men may be regarded as more valuable and trustworthy WOMEN Have private roles Work within the private/domestic sphere Do not have legitimate public roles Require protection Women may be regarded as less valuable and trustworthy 120 appleby
  13. Marriage is a Duty for Muslims Marriage is not a sacrament; it is a civil contract between families Specific duties for husband and wife Wife is regarded as subordinate to her husband, who is her protector and provider Wife has a duty to bear children for her husband, especially sons A man may have up to 4 wives if he can provide equally for them all Divorce is easy to initiate for the man; almost impossible for the woman to initiate; children remain with the man 120 appleby
  14. Islamic modesty Purdah = screening women from the sight of men to whom they are not related, especially in public Can be accomplished by covering the body and head; with a scarf or a full head covering Some women forced to remain within the home; not ever go out in public Separation of men and women in the mosque; curtain, partition, wall, etc. Yet the only religious requirement is for modesty – for both men and women 120 appleby
  15. Variations in Muslim women’s attire 120 appleby
  16. Recommended FilmIslam: Empire of Faith PBS film Part 1: Prophet Muhammad and rise of Islam http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX3UHNhQ1Zk [0:00 to 1:45, then restart at 24:00 to 53:54]] Full 3-part film available here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX3UHNhQ1Zk 120 appleby
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