1. PIA 2501 From Planning to Human Resources- Part I HRD: Training and Education for Development

2. Danielle’s Discussion

3. Prelude: • Millennium Development Goals • VIDEO

4. Discussion: How Realistic?

5. The “Chicken and Egg” Question Human Resource Development versus Economic and Social Change Which comes first?

6. Thus the Issue: (Since 1976)

7. Which Comes First? The Administrative Challenge/capacity It is very hard to change public sector structures or NGO focus NGOs are easier but It takes five years to educate a manager

9. Human Resource Development Recruitment Discipline/Termination Motivation Education and Training

10. Of these Recruitment The Only Game in Town

11. Recruitment: Three Models Patronage and Political Appointments vs. Representation vs. Education (merit) Recruitment By what standards?

13. Recruitment Representation vs. merit Problem of the visible positions and the use of language Professional Services: foreign service, military, police, technical-professional cadres each represent a separate set of issues

14. The Debate

15. Representation “Representative Bureaucracy” Affirmative Action Ethnic Arithmetic “Africanization” or Malaysianization”

16. The Transformation Affirmative Action and the Representation Model Active vs. Passive change Inducements to move people to the private sector Contracting Out as an inducement model

17. Recruitment: Representation-merit vs. representation, continued There are both political and economic demands made during and after a transition

18. Patronage, But…

19. Recruitment Political, Merit and Representation Issues are all legitimate The key issue: Can bureaucratic structures be used to promote socio-economic change and if so how should they be trained What is the legitimate role for political set aside jobs (Schedule Two in U.S.)

20. HRD: The Transformation (1) Issues of discipline, termination The life sinecure and problems of dead wood (2) The role of participation in the HRD Development process: Self-discipline Public and private sector professional associations, political parties, and trade unions Grass Roots and Bottom Up Planning 3) The public vs. the NGO and the private sectors: who wins the HRD struggle?

21. Shift of Focus

22. HRD: The Transformation Motivation: Theory x vs. Theory y

23. Motivation Theory X: Basic Needs: Money Time in Motion Frederick Taylor, Taylorism and Scientific Management

24. Frederick W. Taylor and the Hawthorne Factory Floor

25. Motivation Theory Y Hawthorne Experiments- Chicago Need to feel Human and part of social system Consulting, Sensitivity Training, “Suggestion Boxes”

26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow The Full Hierarchy

27. Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs (Theory z) First Level: Survival Needs--poverty culture and political uncertainty-Violation of the social contract Second level: Non-economic motivations- Social and egocentric Third Level: Self-actualization Ego-highest level

28. HRD Focus: Training vs. Education • Education: Pre-Service • Basic Education • Higher Education • Training: In-Service

30. Training vs. Education • Pedagogy- Childhood Learning • Andragogy- Adult Centered Learning as Training • Knowledge vs. Skills

31. Higher Education:The Great Faith Leap

32. Differences: Child to Adult

33. Terms • Human Resource Development • Social Development • Health • Education • Social Capital • Communities and Networks

35. Terms • Professional and Management Development • Long term disjointed learning process • Individual absorbs education and training through out his/her career • Overseas, University Education and Training Courses

36. Professional Education Models • Public Management and Non-Profit Management follow Business School Models

37. Terms • Management Education • Classroom orient education • Focus on cognitive learning and knowledge acquisition • Not immediately applicable

39. Terms • Management Training • Skills oriented • Job-Specific and organizationally related • Aimed at increasing individual’s ability to do his or her job

41. Training Methods • Designer Training vs. Off the shelf • Facilitator vs. Trainer • Participatory vs. Lectures

43. Approaches to Training • Formal Training • Lectures • Case Studies • Simulation

45. The Politics of Education?

46. PIA 2501 TEN MINUTE BREAK

47. Approaches to Training • On-the job Training • Coaching • Mentoring • Job Rotation

48. Coaching or Mentoring?

50. Learning Cycle Abstract Generalization