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13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships

13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships. Remember cellular levels of organization? Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Environments have levels of organization too: Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome. Observations

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13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships

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  1. 13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships • Remember cellular levels of organization? • Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism • Environments have levels of organization too: • Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome

  2. Observations • Remember: QuaLitative and QuaNtitative Data • Short-term or Long-term studies (Darwin!!!) • Visual Surveys: direct (scope) or indirect (footprints) • Experimentation- direct study of organisms • Lab: more control, less complex results • Field: more accurate results (not always cause/effect) • Modeling • Computer/math-based • Uses lots of data to make predictions • Quick lab/estimations

  3. 13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors • Biotic- living • Abiotic- “a”=not, nonliving Match the following environmental factors as biotic or abiotic: Rock Oxygen Salinity Sponge Fern Mulch Shark Squirrel Lilly Sunflower Sand Panther Water Mangrove Tree Apple

  4. keystone • Biodiversity • Variety of life in an ecosystem • Why do we care? __________________________ • Keystone Species • Keystone holds up an arch • Species has great effect on/in ecosystem • Why do we care? __________________________ • (Multimedia activity)WebQuest: Keystone species • Use the information you’ve learned to predict what would happen if sea otters went extinct.

  5. 13.3 Energy in Ecosystems • Producers = Autotrophs (make own food) • Remember photosynthesis?? • Also chemosynthesis: use chemical instead of sun • Consumers = Heterotrophs (must eat something else) • Herbivores- eats plants (herba= vegetation) • Omnivores- eats plants and animals (omna = all) • Carnivores- eats animals (carnus = flesh) • Detritivores- eats dead organic matter • Decomposers-break down organic matter

  6. (Animation/simulations: visual concepts- 13.3) • 2 facts from each visual you watch

  7. 13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs • Hey don’t write this first note you already did • Consumers = Heterotrophs (must eat something else) • Herbivores- eats plants (herba = vegetation) • Omnivores- eats plants and animals (omna = all) • Carnivores- eats animals (carnus = flesh) • Detritivores- eats dead organic matter • Decomposers-break down organic matter • Food chains show energy flow • Food webs show complex feeding relationships • Specialist- specific food type (1 or few organisms) • Generalists- eat variety of foods in diet

  8. Trophic Levels • Primary: autotrophs/producers • Secondary: herbivores • Tertiary: omnivores and carnivores • Online: Animation- Build a food web (sketch web)

  9. 13.5 Cycling of Matter • Attach bunches of those little pictures  • Next to each picture we are going to write how elements enter/exit the system • Hydrologic Cycle • Enter: evaporation (bodies of water), transpiration • Exit: condensation/precipitation, used plants/animals • Biogeochemical Cycle • How elements are cycled through biotic and abiotic parts of environment

  10. Oxygen Cycle • Enter: autotrophs from photo-/chemo-synthesis • Exit: used by humans or in soil as nutrients • Carbon Cycle: • Enter: CO2 (atm), HCO3 (in water), fossil fuels/in ground, oil, natural gas, rocks, dead organic matter • Exit: burning fossil fuels, plants, evaporation • Nitrogen Cycle: • Enter: bacteria, atmosphere, decomposing plants • Exit: animals, plants • Phosphorous Cycle: • Enter: geologic movements, decomposition • Exit: leaching, weathering, sedimentation

  11. energy lost energy transferred 13.6 Pyramid Models • Energy pyramid- E used by producers/consumers • Biomass- total dry mass of all organisms in area • Each tier loses 90% of E = ONLY 10% of E is transferred from each trophic level!!!

  12. 5 tertiary consumers tertiary consumers 75 g/m2 secondary consumers 5000 150g/m2 secondary consumers primary consumers 500,000 primary consumers 675g/m2 producers 5,000,000 producers 5,000,000 2000g/m2 2000g/m2 producers producers • Biomass pyramid • Dry mass of tropic levels • Mass of comsumers needed to support levels above them • Pyramid of Numbers • Numbers of individuals • Vast #’s of producers are needed to support even just a few tertiary consumers • Animations: Visual concepts 13.6 (2)

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