BOTANY is for Master Gardeners

1. BOTANY is for Master Gardeners Dan Culbert, Extension Agent III � Environmental Horticulture UF/IFAS � Okeechobee County Botany is the study of Plant Biology. Botany can be boring if you let it, but it is quite useful and essential to Master Gardeners. This presentation will give you an overview of some of the botanical concepts and terms as used by horticulturalists. This is boiled down botany � and you are encouraged to spend a lot of time doing more in-depth reading and practicing with this stuff so it will help you help others as a Florida Master Gardener.Botany is the study of Plant Biology. Botany can be boring if you let it, but it is quite useful and essential to Master Gardeners. This presentation will give you an overview of some of the botanical concepts and terms as used by horticulturalists. This is boiled down botany � and you are encouraged to spend a lot of time doing more in-depth reading and practicing with this stuff so it will help you help others as a Florida Master Gardener.

2. What is Botany? And for that matter, what is Horticulture? What do you think? One of my professors at Rutgers University, Dr. Stormin� Norman Childers, ingrained the following working definition of horticulture: Care to know more? The study of Horticulture seems to have began relatively recently, in the past 200 years. According to a Purdue University lecture on the origins of Horticultural science, Three horticulturists can be considered as the Fathers of Horticultural Science: Thomas Andrew Knight, John Lindley, and Liberty Hyde Bailey. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture30/lec30.htmlWhat do you think? One of my professors at Rutgers University, Dr. Stormin� Norman Childers, ingrained the following working definition of horticulture: Care to know more? The study of Horticulture seems to have began relatively recently, in the past 200 years. According to a Purdue University lecture on the origins of Horticultural science, Three horticulturists can be considered as the Fathers of Horticultural Science: Thomas Andrew Knight, John Lindley, and Liberty Hyde Bailey. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture30/lec30.html

3. Plant classification(Taxonomy) There are many methods for identifying or grouping plants for communication There are lots of systems of classification Which ones can you think of? What are some of the ways that we group plants into different kinds of groups? What works for you? Here's a reference to a botanist�s list of classifying plants: http://plaza.ufl.edu/kjg/Major_Plant_Groups_files/frame.htm What are some of the ways that we group plants into different kinds of groups? What works for you? Here's a reference to a botanist�s list of classifying plants: http://plaza.ufl.edu/kjg/Major_Plant_Groups_files/frame.htm

4. Life cycle Annual Biennial Perennial

5. Morphology or appearance Evergreen, deciduous Woody, herbaceous Vines, trees, shrubs Opposite or alternate leaves Fruit, seed, etc. types

6. Environmental Xerophyte, halophyte, hydrophyte Hardy, tender Temperate, tropical, subtropical Warm season, cool season

7. Usage Fruit, vegetable, ornamental

8. Common names Define rose Right. How many different plants do you know of that have �rose� as part of their common name? So, are common names a good way to classify plants?Right. How many different plants do you know of that have �rose� as part of their common name? So, are common names a good way to classify plants?

9. Scientific nomenclature Kingdom Animalia Others Plantae Division (several, those with horticultural interest -) Pterodophyta - ferns Spermatophyta � seed bearing plants Class Gymnospermae � naked seeds Angiospermae Subclass Monocotyledonae (monocots) - 49,000 types Dicotyledonae (dicots) - 237,000 types

10. Plants without seeds Not all plants have seed. Mosses and ferns and a few other neat kinds of plants produce dust-like spores that allow them to spread. Some ferns are cultivated as horticultural plants. Others are important native plants. We even have an invasive fern that is a real problem in south Florida � the Old World Climbing Fern. http://okeechobee.ifas.ufl.edu/News%20columns/Old%20World%20Climbing%20Fern.htm Not all plants have seed. Mosses and ferns and a few other neat kinds of plants produce dust-like spores that allow them to spread. Some ferns are cultivated as horticultural plants. Others are important native plants. We even have an invasive fern that is a real problem in south Florida � the Old World Climbing Fern. http://okeechobee.ifas.ufl.edu/News%20columns/Old%20World%20Climbing%20Fern.htm

11. Seed Plants without Fruit Cycads and Conifers produce separate male & female cones = dioecious Most plants we know of have seeds within fruit. A few of our plants produce seeds but they are not enclosed in the fleshy things that botanists call fruit. Cycads can be thought of a s a group of primitive plants that have cones and fern-like fronds. Pine trees are in a group of plants caned Gymnosperms. The seed are produced on scales in female cones. Both of these plant groups have separate cones for pollen and ovules- so they�re dioecious. Hollies are also dioecious, but they are not Gymnosperms. Most plants we know of have seeds within fruit. A few of our plants produce seeds but they are not enclosed in the fleshy things that botanists call fruit. Cycads can be thought of a s a group of primitive plants that have cones and fern-like fronds. Pine trees are in a group of plants caned Gymnosperms. The seed are produced on scales in female cones. Both of these plant groups have separate cones for pollen and ovules- so they�re dioecious. Hollies are also dioecious, but they are not Gymnosperms.

12. One or Two, and threes or fours/fives A big first step in plant ID is to determine if it is more like a palm or an oak, i.e., a corn plant or a petunia Plant Identification by the numbers means that you should look at the number of seed leaves and count the number of flower parts to get an idea if this is a monocot or Dicot. There are lots more different kinds of Dicots, so if it�s a monocot, you have made the task of plant Id much easier. Plant Identification by the numbers means that you should look at the number of seed leaves and count the number of flower parts to get an idea if this is a monocot or Dicot. There are lots more different kinds of Dicots, so if it�s a monocot, you have made the task of plant Id much easier.

13. Once more - is it a Monocot or Dicot ? Number of cotyledons in seed Venation pattern Number of flower parts Arrangement of vascular bundles

14. Scientific names Order Family - �aceae� usual ending First place you may start in identification Genus Species Authority - Cultivar - cultivated variety Variety - botanical variety Etc. Good plant lists � even from nurseries - list plants Latin names. You don�t have to know them, but feel comfortable with them. I wrote a column for Linnaeus 300th Birthday in May 2007: http://okeechobee.ifas.ufl.edu/News%20columns/Linnaeus.htmGood plant lists � even from nurseries - list plants Latin names. You don�t have to know them, but feel comfortable with them. I wrote a column for Linnaeus 300th Birthday in May 2007: http://okeechobee.ifas.ufl.edu/News%20columns/Linnaeus.htm

15. CULTIVAR = CULTIVATED VARIETY �Assemblage of cultivated plants which is clearly distinguished by any characters and which, when reproduced (sexually or asexually) retains its distinguishing characters.�  - Liberty Hyde Bailey *Botanical varieties naturally breed true from seed *Cultivars are asexually cloned or by controlled sexual crossing of breeding lines A short biography of Michigan State Alumni and Cornell Dean LH Bailey can be found at: http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/BAILEYH.html A short biography of Michigan State Alumni and Cornell Dean LH Bailey can be found at: http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/archives/BAILEYH.html

16. Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum L. Big Boy Burpee's Big Boy Hybrid is a popular home gardener tomato. It is a hybrid, introduced in 1949. Lycopersion: �Wolf peach�, referring to belief that tomatoes were poisonous esculentus: succulent, delicious, ripe Also see �How Plants Get their Names� by LH Bailey, 1933 Here�s a website that might help make sense of this Greek stuff: http://www.winternet.com/%7Echuckg/dictionary.html Many books and websites also have rough translations of botanical names � take a look at them.Burpee's Big Boy Hybrid is a popular home gardener tomato. It is a hybrid, introduced in 1949. Lycopersion: �Wolf peach�, referring to belief that tomatoes were poisonous esculentus: succulent, delicious, ripe Also see �How Plants Get their Names� by LH Bailey, 1933 Here�s a website that might help make sense of this Greek stuff: http://www.winternet.com/%7Echuckg/dictionary.html Many books and websites also have rough translations of botanical names � take a look at them.

17. Even more on scientific nomenclature Most commonly used system of nomenclature System is not static As you move down though the sections, plants are more closely related Based on flower and plant morphology

18. It�s all in the Family Being able to identify an unknown plant to its family is a valuable skill Look at botanical characteristics and see if it reminds you of another plant Look at references under the name of the family to speed up your search Once you know the family, there are web-based sites that can help you though the rest of the way. Here's one from the University of Wisconsin,-Madison http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/index.html I like Wikpedia, on the web, which lists about 400 different plant families: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantae_by_familyOnce you know the family, there are web-based sites that can help you though the rest of the way. Here's one from the University of Wisconsin,-Madison http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/index.html I like Wikpedia, on the web, which lists about 400 different plant families: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantae_by_family

19. Common Plant Families Anacardiaceae Apocynaceae Cruciferae Fagaceae Gramineae Labiatae Leguminosae Rosaceae Anacardiaceae = Poison Ivy Family ; Apocynaceae = Dogbane family ; Cruciferae = mustard or Cole Crops ; Fagaceae - Oak Family Gramineae � former name for Poaceae ; Labiatae = Mints ; Leguminosae - former name for Fabaceae � Beans or peas ; Rosaceae � Rose family, about 3,000-4,000 species Anacardiaceae = Poison Ivy Family ; Apocynaceae = Dogbane family ; Cruciferae = mustard or Cole Crops ; Fagaceae - Oak Family Gramineae � former name for Poaceae ; Labiatae = Mints ; Leguminosae - former name for Fabaceae � Beans or peas ; Rosaceae � Rose family, about 3,000-4,000 species

20. More Common plant families Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae Clusiaceae Lamiaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Apiaceae Zamiaceae Asteraceae = Compositae Daisy family Brassicaceae = Cruciferae (both names are allowed) Mustard & cole crops Poaceae = Grasses & cereals Clusiaceae = Guttiferae or Hypericaceae � Pitch Apple, St. John�s wort Lamiaceae formerly Labitaceae - Mint family Fabaceae - beans Arecaceae - formerly Palmae or Palmaceae = palms Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (both names are allowed) - parsley, carrot, and other aromatic plants with hollow stems and umbrella shaped flowers Zamiaceae - the Cycads Asteraceae = Compositae Daisy family Brassicaceae = Cruciferae (both names are allowed) Mustard & cole crops Poaceae = Grasses & cereals Clusiaceae = Guttiferae or Hypericaceae � Pitch Apple, St. John�s wort Lamiaceae formerly Labitaceae - Mint family Fabaceae - beans Arecaceae - formerly Palmae or Palmaceae = palms Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (both names are allowed) - parsley, carrot, and other aromatic plants with hollow stems and umbrella shaped flowers Zamiaceae - the Cycads

21. What makes a plant a plant and not an animal? Cell walls Ability to make own food Special kinds of anatomical (plant) parts

22. Gross Anatomy Major Plant organs include: roots stems leaves reproductive organs: flowers or cones fruits and seeds Know the Node! On same plants, some of these organs may be missing, but something else must adapt to replace it.On same plants, some of these organs may be missing, but something else must adapt to replace it.

23. This Bud�s for You! New growth comes from Buds, or meristems. Apical meristems Lateral or auxiliary meristems Crown buds Root tips Growth comes from the tips, where new cells divide and then enlarge.Growth comes from the tips, where new cells divide and then enlarge.

24. Roots Functions absorption of water & nutrients anchoring conductance storage What are roots for? Did you know that Monocot roots look different that Dicot rootsWhat are roots for? Did you know that Monocot roots look different that Dicot roots

25. Roots Morphology primary root/secondary roots tap root/fibrous roots adventitious roots root hairs

26. Roots can be Special

27. Stem Functions Conductance Support Photosynthesis Gas exchange lenticels Morphology Nodes/internodes Modifications tendril thorn Anyone Recognize the stem at the right? It�s called the Senator, Florida�s Biggest Tree � in Sanford. Tendrils and thorns are also special stem modifications � on this Greenbrier Vine Twig graphic: http://www.clemson.edu/extfor/publications/bul117/images/twig.gifAnyone Recognize the stem at the right? It�s called the Senator, Florida�s Biggest Tree � in Sanford. Tendrils and thorns are also special stem modifications � on this Greenbrier Vine Twig graphic: http://www.clemson.edu/extfor/publications/bul117/images/twig.gif

28. Leaf Functions Collection of light Photosynthesis Gas exchange Storage

29. More Leaf Functions Collection of light Photosynthesis Gas exchange Storage

30. Getting Attached Morphology Blade/petiole Shape of blade Margin Attachment to stem Number and arrangement of leaflets Shapes associated with leaves are often the first thing people use to identify plantsShapes associated with leaves are often the first thing people use to identify plants

31. Leaf Shapes are Simple The oreall shape of the leaf is importantThe oreall shape of the leaf is important

32. I�m Getting Edgy!

33. Leaf Me Alone! And be certain that what you are looking at is a leaf, not a leaflet, or even a sub-leaflet. At the base of each leaf is a bud! When you get confused, look at your hand � It is Palmate � all from one point. The other kind of bird is featherlike- pinnate � which is Feather in Latin!And be certain that what you are looking at is a leaf, not a leaflet, or even a sub-leaflet. At the base of each leaf is a bud! When you get confused, look at your hand � It is Palmate � all from one point. The other kind of bird is featherlike- pinnate � which is Feather in Latin!

34. Palms are different! Palms only have one bud at the top of the stem Many palm roots do not have the ability to branch if they are cut The Structure of palms makes the way we manage them in the nursery or landscape different that other kinds of �trees�. Top a palm�s stem, and it is dead. There is a root disc where whole new palm roots have to form if damaged. The Structure of palms makes the way we manage them in the nursery or landscape different that other kinds of �trees�. Top a palm�s stem, and it is dead. There is a root disc where whole new palm roots have to form if damaged.

35. Flowers Function Control pollination Develop into fruit and seed Morphology We need many slides for this! Remember � much of the classification of plants is based on floral morphology

36. Flower morphology petals - corolla sepals - calyx receptacle pistil ovary/ovules style stigma stamen filament anther pollen OK - Can you identify the parts of this flower?OK - Can you identify the parts of this flower?

37. Here�s another view of flower parts. And then if you are really focusing in on a particular plant Family, these parts are modified into other structures or may be entirely missing. Here�s another view of flower parts. And then if you are really focusing in on a particular plant Family, these parts are modified into other structures or may be entirely missing.

38. More-phology Complete has petals, sepals, stamens and pistils Perfect has both stamens and pistils staminate pistillate Flower types monoecious dioecious

39. Fruits and seeds Function seed dispersal seed protection contain genetic information for next generation and structures to create new plant Morphology Ovary development Cotyledons/endosperm, embryo

40. Seed Parts Ok � remember we said monocots vs. dicots? Here�s the proof... Can you think of other seeds, and identify which is which?Ok � remember we said monocots vs. dicots? Here�s the proof... Can you think of other seeds, and identify which is which?

41. And then there other words to know too...And then there other words to know too...

42. And what kind is this? Actually � its not a fruit at all� it is a gall on a Laurel Oak. Be sure of what you are looking at!Actually � its not a fruit at all� it is a gall on a Laurel Oak. Be sure of what you are looking at!

43. So when someone brings me a plant, how do I get to the scientific name? Dichotomous keys Plant ID books Glossaries of terms Master Gardener manual Websites One of your goals as a Master Gardener will be to get to know the reference books that you feel comfortable with � when trying to identify plants.One of your goals as a Master Gardener will be to get to know the reference books that you feel comfortable with � when trying to identify plants.

44. Dichotomous keys are useful in making decisions about identifying plants. They involve making a choice, either �A� or �B� [ or 1 or 2] and you move through the choices until you get your answer. They are limited if the key does not actually contain the plant (or critter) you are looking to identify. Dichotomous keys are useful in making decisions about identifying plants. They involve making a choice, either �A� or �B� [ or 1 or 2] and you move through the choices until you get your answer. They are limited if the key does not actually contain the plant (or critter) you are looking to identify.

45. Key Practice on-line Here�s are some on-line plant identification keys Plant Identification Game Using an Online Interactive Dichotomous Key (�Florida Keys�) http://webworld.freac.fsu.edu/cameras/keys/sa/tree.html Grasses of Florida http://plants.usda.gov/plantkeys/florida_grasses/FLORIDA_GRASSES.html

46. Activity & Break Two choices for Activity: (1) Using a Plant Key for Identification Or (2) Start Your own Plant ID Notebook with the Plant ID Note Sheet

47. Plants & Their Environment Back in the dark ages, the study of pretty plants was called Ornamental Horticulture. Horticulturalists realized that in order to grow better plants, they needed to modify the environment in order to make plants do what they wanted them to do. It's no wonder that the Academic Department that supports the major part of Master Gardeners is call the Department of Environmental Horticulture. Here�s a link if you must know more: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/aboutus/whatis.html In this next section we will learn a little more about some of the environmental influences that effect plant growth � and what we can do about it. Back in the dark ages, the study of pretty plants was called Ornamental Horticulture. Horticulturalists realized that in order to grow better plants, they needed to modify the environment in order to make plants do what they wanted them to do. It's no wonder that the Academic Department that supports the major part of Master Gardeners is call the Department of Environmental Horticulture. Here�s a link if you must know more: http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/aboutus/whatis.html In this next section we will learn a little more about some of the environmental influences that effect plant growth � and what we can do about it.

48. Plants and energy (simplified) Photosynthesis The process of turning light energy into energy that can be transported and stored by the plant

49. Eeek! Chemistry! 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light + chlorophyll = C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 Photosynthesis- it means that we get to eat!Photosynthesis- it means that we get to eat!

50. Eeek! Chemistry! 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light + chlorophyll = C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 C6H12O6 is the general formula for carbohydrates Sugars can be transported Starches can be stored

51. More energy stuff Respiration Breaking the carbohydrates into a form of energy the plant can use

52. And more chemistry C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 + mitochondria = 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy in a useable form Does anything about this formula look familiar?

53. What�s all this used for, anyway? Plant growth and development Cell division Cell elongation Where does growth occur in plants? Meristems

54. Plants and the environment Light Water Nutrients Temperature Air

55. Light Color Why don�t plants grow well in green light? Intensity Shade plants and full sun plant Duration Total amount in a day Photoperiod and flowering Plants have developed a lot of secondary responses to light that cause them to have different colors, become adapted to different kinds of shad conditions, and tell them when to grow leaves or flowers.Plants have developed a lot of secondary responses to light that cause them to have different colors, become adapted to different kinds of shad conditions, and tell them when to grow leaves or flowers.

56. Water 90% of the plant is water Water is a carrier for nutrients Water is essential in chemical reactions � like? Water management is called irrigation � another whole classWater management is called irrigation � another whole class

57. Nutrients Required for growth Environmental elements: C, H, O Macro N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca Micro Mn, Mo, Zn, Bo, Fe, Cu, Cl Remember this from last week? The point here is that changing the level of nutrients can change the rates of growth of plantsRemember this from last week? The point here is that changing the level of nutrients can change the rates of growth of plants

58. Temperature Heat and cold effect the rate of chemical reactions and therefore, plant growth. Effective Plant growth stops above 84 degrees F. � the basis for the AHS Heat Zone map: http://www.ahs.org/publications/heat_zone_map.htm And cold temperatures cause water to turn solid, so plant growth stops at the other end of the thermometer. Effective Plant growth stops above 84 degrees F. � the basis for the AHS Heat Zone map: http://www.ahs.org/publications/heat_zone_map.htm And cold temperatures cause water to turn solid, so plant growth stops at the other end of the thermometer.

59. Air Source of some nutrients Gases for chemical reaction Even some plant hormones are gases These fruit create Ethylene Gas: apples, apricots, avocados, ripening bananas, blueberries, cantaloupe, citrus fruit (not grapefruit), cranberries, figs, guavas, grapes, green onions, honeydew, ripe kiwi fruit, mangoes, melons, mushrooms, nectarines, okra, papayas, passion fruit, peaches, pears, peppers, persimmons, pineapple, plantains, plums, prunes, quinces, tomatoes and watermelon. These Become Damaged by Ethylene Gas: asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, chard, cucumbers, cut flowers, eggplant, endive, escarole, florist greens, green beans, kale, kiwi fruit, leafy greens, lettuce, parsley, peas, peppers, potatoes, potted plants, romaine lettuce spinach, squash, sweet potatoes, watercress and yams. see: http://www.pakupaku.info/knowledge/ethylene.shtmlThese fruit create Ethylene Gas: apples, apricots, avocados, ripening bananas, blueberries, cantaloupe, citrus fruit (not grapefruit), cranberries, figs, guavas, grapes, green onions, honeydew, ripe kiwi fruit, mangoes, melons, mushrooms, nectarines, okra, papayas, passion fruit, peaches, pears, peppers, persimmons, pineapple, plantains, plums, prunes, quinces, tomatoes and watermelon. These Become Damaged by Ethylene Gas: asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, chard, cucumbers, cut flowers, eggplant, endive, escarole, florist greens, green beans, kale, kiwi fruit, leafy greens, lettuce, parsley, peas, peppers, potatoes, potted plants, romaine lettuce spinach, squash, sweet potatoes, watercress and yams. see: http://www.pakupaku.info/knowledge/ethylene.shtml

60. Back to Plant ID: Who ya gonna call? The First line of assistance is your county agent. Other local experts Despite our best efforts at Plant ID, there always is that situation the requires a little extra help. Your county agent may know, but more important is they also might know who else may know.Despite our best efforts at Plant ID, there always is that situation the requires a little extra help. Your county agent may know, but more important is they also might know who else may know.

61. Who ya gonna call? Herbarium � sent to UF though Extension office. IFAS Form 3100/03-2002 required No fee (right now) Distance Diagnostic & Identification System http://ddis.ifas.ufl.edu UF Maintains a Plant Identification Service that can accept actual plant specimens that are submitted for identification. Here�s a link to the Extension bulletin RFSR013 that describes the program: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SR013 ; The submittal form is IFAS Form 3100/03-2002 and it can be found on-line at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/sr/sr02400.pdf A better way is to make use of the DDIS system. DDIS also involves your county Extensions office. It allows digital photos to be sent over the internet with all the other information needed to help with ID. DDIS is also used for Insect, disease, and the identification of environmental factors the effect plant and animal problems. http://ddis.ifas.ufl.edu/ddisx/home.jsp is the home page. UF Maintains a Plant Identification Service that can accept actual plant specimens that are submitted for identification. Here�s a link to the Extension bulletin RFSR013 that describes the program: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SR013 ; The submittal form is IFAS Form 3100/03-2002 and it can be found on-line at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/sr/sr02400.pdf A better way is to make use of the DDIS system. DDIS also involves your county Extensions office. It allows digital photos to be sent over the internet with all the other information needed to help with ID. DDIS is also used for Insect, disease, and the identification of environmental factors the effect plant and animal problems. http://ddis.ifas.ufl.edu/ddisx/home.jsp is the home page.

62. DDIS Report Report will include: Grower Information Where/when collected Plant/Weed characteristics Photos must be high quality The Report can be printed and given to the customer as a receipt Each report has a unique number, e.g. DDIS ID : 07-5775 Agent sends it to appropriate specialists Once a response is received, the final report can be sent to the customer. The Report can be printed and given to the customer as a receipt Each report has a unique number, e.g. DDIS ID : 07-5775 Agent sends it to appropriate specialists Once a response is received, the final report can be sent to the customer.

63. Have you gone fruity yet? So what kind of fruit is this? It�s a Corn-nana and a waterlemonSo what kind of fruit is this? It�s a Corn-nana and a waterlemon

64. Acknowledgements: This presentation was adapted from PowerPoint originally developed by: Dr. Elizabeth Lamb, Cornell University IPM program � formerly @ UF/IFAS IRREC Other contributors include: Kim Gabel, Hort Agent - Monroe County (THE KEYS) Stan Rosenthal, Extension Agent � Forestry, UF/IFAS Leon County Extension Jim Chatfield, Extension Specialist, the Ohio State University Paul Baumann, Weed Specialist � TAMU Oregon State Univ. Master Gardener Botany page: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/index.html Gabel: Chatfield: http://hcs.osu.edu:16080/osuetalks/37/sld040.htm Gabel: Chatfield: http://hcs.osu.edu:16080/osuetalks/37/sld040.htm

65. Questions? Thanks for your Attention Call or Write if you have more Dan Culbert, Okeechobee Extension Service 863-763-6469 indianco@ufl.edu Let�s Go to Lunch!