January 28, 2014

1. January 28, 2014 Chapter 11 vocab quiz…take a few minutes to study. You will turn this in to me when you are done.

2. Napoleon Bonaparte and theFrench Empire

3. The Consulate • Napoleon overthrew the Directory in 1799 and set up a new constitution. • Theoretically established a Republic • In Practice, He set up a Dictatorship

4. The Consulate • The executive branch - committee of three members, called consuls. • Napoleon became First Consul and placed all the power in his own hands.

5. Restoring Order • Replaced elected local officials with people he trusted. • Education placed under Nat’l gov’t control. • Universities • Technical Schools • Secondary Schools (lycées)  similar to public schools

6. Restoring Order • Created the Bank of France. • Required every citizen to pay taxes. • In 1802, Napoleon declared himself Consul for life.

7. The Napoleonic Code • Laws based on enlightenment ideas. • Equality of all citizens before the law • Religious toleration • Advancement based on merit • This new code of law placed the state above the individual. • limited freedom of speech and press • women lost many rights

8. The Church • Napoleon negotiated an agreement with PopePius VII called the Concordat of 1801. • Assured Religious Toleration • Napoleon wanted power over the church. • Named bishops • Took church land

9. Empire on the Rise • Napoleon commanded the French forces. • defeated Italy and Austria • Persuaded Russia to withdraw from the war. • Signed Peace Treaty with Great Britain. • In 1804, Napoleon names himself Emperor.

10. The Battle of Trafalgar • By 1805, Napoleon wanted to invade Great Britain via the English Channel. • October 1805, the Battle of Trafalgar. • British Admiral, Lord Nelson, defeated the French Navy

11. Continental System • Napoleon ordered all European nations he had conquered to stop trade with Great Britain. • This plan failed b/c of Great Britain’s dominance at sea and the worsening of France’s economy.

12. Napoleonic Europe • By 1812, France’s borders extended to Russia. • Replaced the Holy Roman Empire w/ the Confederation of the Rhine. • Conquered countries were forced to pay taxes and send troops to France.

13. Napoleonic Europe • Nationalism throughout the empire ignited revolts. • People want restoration of old customs and traditions • In 1812, aided by the British, Spain overthrew their French occupiers. • Arthur Wellesley a.k.a. Duke of Wellington

14. Conflict with Russia • Czar Alexander I of Russia saw Napoleon as a threat to Russia. • In 1811, Alexander withdrew from the Continental System and resumed trade with Great Britain.

15. The Invasion • Napoleon assembled an army of 600,000 troops and marched to Moscow in May 1812. • The Russian military adopted a “scorched-earth policy.” • Burned everything as they retreated to central Russia

16. The Invasion • Napoleon reached Moscow in September, but a fire destroyed most of the city (scorched-earth policy). • Winter settled shortly afterward. • 400,000 of Napoleon’s 600,000 troops died. • Starvation • Battle wounds • Exposure

17. Napoleon’s Defeat • Napoleon’s enemies attacked from all directions. • Russia • Prussia • Austria • Spain • Great Britain • Italy • By March of 1814, Napoleon was forced to surrendered and abdicate as emperor.

18. Napoleon’s Defeat • French throne restored to Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother). • Napoleon exiled to Elba • French borders set to those of 1792. • Napoleon escaped and returned to France. • Hundred Days

19. Napoleon’s Last Stand • Became Emperor again. • European gov’ts set out to stop him. • Met at Waterloo and the French were destroyed. • Napoleon was placed on house arrest on St. Helena island in the South Atlantic • He died here in 1821