The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900

1. The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900 The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society. Impact on society Impact on middle class Impact on government Impact on family unit

2. The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900 SECTION 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization SECTION 2CASE STUDY:Industrialization SECTION 3Industrialization Spreads Reforming the Industrial World SECTION 4

3. Section-1 The Beginnings of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

4. Section-1 The Beginnings of Industrialization IndustrialRevolutionBegins in Britain • New Ways of Working • IndustrialRevolution—greatly increased output of machine-made goods • Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s Continued…

5. IndustrialRevolutionBegins in Britain The Beginnings of Industrialization Section-1 • The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way • Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges • Wealthy landowners bought and enclosed land once owned by village farmers (eliminating common land) • Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods Continued…

6. Jethro Tull was one of the first of these scientific farmers. He saw that the usual way of sowing seed by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. Many seeds failed to take root. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill in about 1701. It allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths.

7. Rotating Crops • Crop rotation—switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil • wheat, barley, turnips and clover • Livestock breeders allowed only the best to breed • What was the result?

8. 1800: 6 of 7 workers were farmers, by 1860 only half were farmers RRs and canals were built Steamships transported goods up and down the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and the Atlantic seaboard Manufactured goods in New England could be transported all over the country USA began to industrialize

9. Created industrial middle class Created industrial working class Growth of cities Growth of population: from 1750 to 1850 ppln almost doubled Why did ppln double? Impact on society in Europe

10. Industrialization Begins in Britain {continued} • Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England • Industrialization-machine production • Britain has natural resources— • -water power and coal to fuel the new machines-iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings-rivers for inland transportation-harbors from which merchant ships set sail • Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment (loans for inventions, overseas trade, political stability, good military) • Britain has all needed factorsofproduction—land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurs

11. Two steps in making cloth Cottage industry: individuals in their homes 1764 “spinning jenny” made thread quickly “Flying shuttle” (cloth production) made cottage industry unprofitable 1787 water powered loom 1782 James Watt: steam engine to power machinery Cotton Production

12. 1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton were imported; cloth was produced in cottage industries 1787: 22 million pounds of raw cotton were imported; most spun by machines 1840: 366 million pounds of raw cotton were imported; mainly in factories Sold all over the world; Britain’s most valuable product Some numbers on cotton production

13. Steam engines were critical in Britain’s Industrial Revolution. Coal supplied the fuel; seemed endless. Iron Industry was changed by coal Iron ore was a natural resource; what is a natural resource? Puddling: process of making better quality iron. (1780s) Coal and Iron

14. 1740: 17,000 tons of iron 1780s: 70,000 tons of iron per year 1852: 3,000,000 tons of iron per year Used to make new machines and new means of transportation Iron Industry Boomed

15. 1804: first RR, industrial line; 5 miles per hour 1830: 32 miles, The Rocket; first public line; 16 miles per hour 1840: 2,000 miles of RR 1850: 6,000 miles of RR Railroads

16. Employed peasants and farm laborers Less expensive transportation of goods Led to lower-prices for goods Which led to larger markets for goods Which led to increase in manufacturing Economic growth was a feature of the new industrial economy RR effect

17. Important part of the Industrial Revolution New labor system workers had to work regular hours and do the same work over and over. Workers came from rural areas 2/3 of workers were women and children early (1830) New Factories

18. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Changes in the Textile Industry • Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies • Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels • Power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality • Factories—buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing • Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

19. Improvements in Transportation • Watt’s Steam Engine • Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine • James Watt improves steam engine • entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks • Water Transportation • Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 • England’s water transport improved by system of canals • Road Transportation • British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads

20. Middle Ages had commercial capitalism Industrialism brought on industrial capitalism, economic system based on industrial production This led to industrial middle class, people who built the factories, bought the machines and made business decisions (qualities of initiative, vision, ambition, greed) Also Industrial working class, working poor; had harsh working conditions. What makes bad working conditions? Factories and coal mines. Children, women and men. (1830 2/3 workers women and children) Economics

21. The Railway Age Begins • Steam-Driven Locomotives • In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive • In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line • The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad • Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester • Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829) • Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain • Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs • Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities

22. Section-2 Industrialization CASE STUDY: Manchester The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety of problems.

23. Lewis Wickes Hine (September 26, 1874 – November 3, 1940) was an American sociologist and photographer. Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform. His photographs were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the United States https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine

24. By Lewis Wickes Hine. Restored by Michel Vuijlsteke - Library of Congress[1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6294090 1909 Glassworks…Indiana

25. Little Lottie, a regular oyster shucker in Alabama Canning Co. (Bayou La Batre, Alabama, 1911)

26. Addie Card, 12 years. Spinner in North Pormal Cotton Mill. Vermont, 1910.

27. Section-2 Industrialization CASE STUDY: Manchester Industrialization Changes Life • Factory Work • Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods • Industrial Cities Rise • Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities • Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods • British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, • Manchester, Liverpool Continued…

28. Industrialization Changes Life {continued} • Living Conditions • Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums • Life span in one large city is only 17 years • Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes • Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes • Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection Continued…

29. Industrialization Changes Life {continued} • Working Conditions • Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round • Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers • Many coal miners killed by coal dust

30. Class Tensions Grow • The Middle Class • Middleclass—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals • Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats • Middle class values: hard work, honesty, follow the law • Middle class has comfortable standard of living • The Working Class • Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines • Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work • Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot

31. PositiveEffects of the Industrial Revolution • Immediate Benefits • Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress • Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve • Workers eventually win shorter hours, betterwages and conditions • Long-Term Effects • Improved living and working conditions still evident today • Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements

32. The Mills of Manchester • Immediate Benefits • Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress • Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve • Workers eventually win shorter hours, betterwages and conditions • Manchester and the Industrial Revolution • Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at Liverpool • Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment • Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories • Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some Continued…

33. The Mills of Manchester {continued} • Children in Manchester Factories • Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured • 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours • Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river • Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth

34. Section-3 Industrialization Spreads The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the world.

35. Section-3 Industrialization Spreads IndustrialDevelopment in the United States • Industrialization in the United States • U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize • Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S. • Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820 • Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country • Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills • Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize Continued…

36. IndustrialDevelopment in the United States {continued} • Later Expansion of U.S. Industry • Industrialization picks up during post-Civil War technology boom • Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines • Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies

37. The Rise of Corporations • Stock—limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money • Corporation—company owned by stockholders, share profits • Owners have limited liability • Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

38. Continental Europe Industrializes • Troubles in Continental Europe • Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century economy • Beginnings in Belgium • Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation • British workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799) • Germany Industrializes • Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-century Continued…

39. Continental Europe Industrializes {continued} • Expansion Elsewhere in Europe • Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles • Industrialization in France more measured; agriculture remains strong

40. The Impact of Industrialization • Rise of Global Inequality • Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind • European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources • Imperialismspreads due to need for raw materials and markets for finished products

41. The Impact of Industrialization • Transformation of Society • Europe and U.S. gain economic power • African and Asian economies lag • based on agriculture and crafts • Rise of middle class strengthens democracy • Some call for social reform

42. Section-4 Reforming the Industrial World The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.

43. Reforming the Industrial World The Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire Economics • AdamSmith—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress, and political freedom • Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition, supply and demand • INVISIBLE HAND • What is the role of govt? Continued…

44. Reforming the Industrial World The Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire Economics • Laissezfaire—economic policy of gov’t not interfering with businesses • FREE MARKETS • “let them do as them choose” • Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers Continued…

45. The Philosophers of Industrialization {continued} • The Economists of Capitalism • Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism • Capitalism—system of privately owned businesses seeking profits • Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply • Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result • Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor

46. The Rise of Socialism • Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism—judge things by their usefulness (utility) • John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers and spread wealth

47. The Rise of Socialism • UtopianIdeas • Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions • In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana

48. Socialism • Socialism—factors of production owned by the gov’t and operated for the people • Socialists think government control can end poverty and bring equality (taxes and regulation) • Generally believe in private property (communists don’t believe in private prop) • Two types of equality: • Equality of opportunity (freedom) • Equality of outcome (gov’t control) The Rise of Socialism

49. Marxism: Radical Socialism • Marxism’s Prophets • Karl Marx—German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism • Friedrich Engels—German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill Continued…

50. Marxism: Radical Socialism • The Communist Manifesto • Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes • Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers known as the bourgeoisie • Capitalism hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the proletariat • Marx and Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners Continued…