The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900

1. The Industrial Revolution,1700–1900 The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society. Rail locomotives began connecting U.S. cities in the 1840s, enabling transport of goods between factories, cities, and ports.

4. SECTION 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain New Ways of Working • Industrial Revolution — greatly increases output of __________________________ goods • Revolution begins in England in the middle ______________ The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way • ______________________ — large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges • Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by ____________________ farmers • Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural _____________________ Rotating Crops • Crop rotation — switching crops each year to avoid __________________________ • Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, this increases the _________________________________

5. Yorkshire Dales National Park, in Yorkshire, England.

6. Industrialization Begins in Britain Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England • ________________________________ — move to machine production of goods • Britain has natural resources — _________________________________________ • Expanding economy in Britain encourages _________________________ • Britain has all needed ________________________________— land, labor, capital Inventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry • Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and _____________________________ • ____________________________ uses water power to drive spinning wheels • ______________________, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality • _____________________ — buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing • __________________________boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

7. James Hargreaves's spinning jenny dramatically increased the output of spinners.

9. Improvements in Transportation Watt’s Steam Engine • Need for ______________, convenient power spurs development of steam engine • James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton • Boulton is an _____________________ — organizes, manages, takes business risks Water Transportation • Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the ______________________, in 1807 • England’s water transport improved by system of ___________________ Road Transportation • British roads are improved; companies operate them as ______________________

10. The Railway Age Begins Steam-Driven Locomotives • In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive • In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first ___________________________ The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad • Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester • Stephenson’s ___________________ acknowledged as best locomotive (1829) Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain • Railroads spur industrial growth & __________________________________ • Cheaper ___________________________ boosts many industries; people move to _______________

11. George Stephenson's Rocket locomotive. Photograph, 19th century.

12. SECTION 2 Industrialization - CASE STUDY: Manchester Industrialization Changes Life Factory Work • Factories pay more than ___________________, this spurs demand for more ______________________________________ Industrial Cities Rise • ___________________________ — city-building and movement of people to cities • Growing population provides _______________________ and a market for ______________________________________ • British industrial cities: ___________________, Birmingham, Manchester, _________________________

15. Industrialization Changes Life Living Conditions • ______________________ widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep through _______________________________ • Life span in one large city is only ________ years • Wealthy merchants and factory owners live in luxurious ______________________ homes • Rapidly growing cities lack _________________ & _____________________ • Cities are also without adequate ____________________, ____________________, and ________________________________ Working Conditions • Average working day is _______ hours for _____ days a week, year round • Dirty, poorly lit factories ___________________ workers • Many coal miners killed by ________________________

16. Class Tensions Grow The Middle Class • Middle class = ____________________ workers, merchants, rich farmers, and ________________________ • Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, _____________________ • Middle class has ___________________________ standard of living The Working Class • Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by ____________________ • ________________ and other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work • Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers __________________

17. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits • Creates ___________, _________________ nation, and encourages ____________________________ progress • ___________________ expands, clothing is _________________, _______________ and ____________________ improve • Workers eventually win shorter _____________,and better ______________ & __________________________ Long-Term Effects • Improved living and working conditions still evident __________________ • Governments use increased _____________ revenues for urban improvements

18. The Mills of Manchester Manchester and the Industrial Revolution • Manchester has ______________, __________________________, and a nearby _____________ at Liverpool • Poor live and work in unhealthy, even _______________________, environment • Business owners make ________________by risking their own money on factories • Eventually, working class sees its standard of living _________________________ Children in Manchester Factories • Children as young as _______ work in factories; many are ___________________ • 1819 Factory Act restricts working ______________ & _________________ • _________________________________ fouls air, poisons river • Nonetheless, Manchester produces ____________________________ goods and creates ______________________

19. As cities grew, people crowded into tenements and row houses such as these in London.

20. A young worker pulls thread from bobbin during spinning process at a textile mill. Photograph (1909), Lewis Hine.

21. SECTION 3 Industrialization Spreads Industrial Development in the United States Industrialization in the United States • U.S. has ___________________ and labor resources needed to industrialize • _____________________, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S. • Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by __________ • _________________________ towns spring up around factories across the country • Young single ___________________ flock to factory towns, work in textile mills • _________________ & ______________________ are industries soon mechanized Later Expansion of U.S. Industry • Industrialization picks up during __________________________technology boom • Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on ________________________ • Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies The Rise of Corporations • __________________ — limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money • ___________________ — company owned by stockholders, share profits not debts • Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

23. Continental Europe Industrializes Troubles in Continental Europe • Revolution and __________________ wars disrupted early 19th-century economy Beginnings in Belgium • Belgium has ______________ ore, ______________, and __________________ transportation • __________________ workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799) Germany Industrializes • There are political and economic barriers; but industry, _______________________ boom by mid-century Expansion Elsewhere in Europe • Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes ______________ textiles • Industrialization in _________________ is more measured; agriculture remains strong

24. The Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality • _______________ gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind • European nations, U.S., Japan exploit ____________________ for resources • ______________________ spreads due to need for raw materials, markets Transformation of Society • Europe and U.S. gain _______________________ power • African and Asian economies lag; they are based on ________________________, and crafts • Rise of the _______________________ strengthens democracy, creates calls for social reform

25. SECTION 4 Reforming the Industrial World The Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez-faire Economics • ________________________ — economic policy of not interfering with businesses • Originates with __________________________ economic philosophers • ________________________ — defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations • Believes economic liberty guarantees economic ___________________ • Economic natural laws — ________________________, _____________________, supply and demand The Economists of Capitalism • Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism • ______________________ — system of privately owned businesses seeking profits • Malthus thinks _______________________ grow faster than food supply • _____________ & ____________________ kill off extra people or misery and poverty result • Ricardo envisions a permanent, _______________ underclass providing cheap labor

26. Adam Smith’s ideas were central to the development of capitalism.

27. The Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism — judge things by their _____________________ • John Stuart Mill favors ____________________ to help workers & spread wealth Utopian Ideas • Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing • In 1824, Owen founds _________________ community, New Harmony, Indiana Socialism • Socialism — factors of production owned by and operated for the _____________________ • Socialists think __________________________ control can end poverty and bring equality

28. Marxism: Radical Socialism Marxism’s Prophets • _________________ — German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism • ___________________________ — German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill The Communist Manifesto • Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring ___________________ • Capitalism helps the “haves,” the employers known as the ____________________ • Hurts the “have-nots,” the workers known as the _________________________ • Marx & Engels predict the workers will overthrow the ____________________ The Future According to Marx • Marx believes that ________________________ will eventually destroy itself • ______________________ would cause workers to revolt; seize factories and mills • _________________________ — society where people own, share the means of production • Marx’s ideas later take root in __________________, _____________, ____________ • Time has shown that society is not controlled by ___________________ forces alone

29. Karl Marx developed a radical type of socialism known as Marxism.

30. Labor Unions and Reform Laws Unionization • ____________________ — associations formed by laborers to work for change • Unions negotiate for better _____________ and conditions with employers • Sometimes they ________________ — call a work stoppage—to pressure owners • ___________________ workers are first to form unions • In _________________ & the ___________, workers must fight for the right to form unions • Union goals were higher _________________, shorter _______________, improved ________________________ Reform Laws • British & U.S. - laws passed to stop worst abuses of ________________________ • 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops _____________________ & _________________ from working underground • In 1847, workday for women & children limited to _________ hours in Britain • U.S. ends _________________________, sets maximum hours in 1904

31. The job of this young "tipple boy" was to unload coal cars by tipping them over. Photograph. West Virginia, Lewis Hine.

32. The Reform Movement Spreads The Abolition of Slavery • In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire • Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas The Fight for Women’s Rights • Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848 • International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life • Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s • Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s; prison reform also sought

33. Women march to commemorate the first suffragette arrested in London. Photograph (about 1905).