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Carbohydrates (taking up the Organic chemistry worksheet)

Carbohydrates (taking up the Organic chemistry worksheet). All organic compounds contain carbon All living things are composed of compounds containing a carbon skeleton. Carbon has the ability to bind four times; therefore all organic structures revolve around these bonds being full

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Carbohydrates (taking up the Organic chemistry worksheet)

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  1. Carbohydrates (taking up the Organic chemistry worksheet)

  2. All organic compounds contain carbon • All living things are composed of compounds containing a carbon skeleton

  3. Carbon has the ability to bind four times; therefore all organic structures revolve around these bonds being full • Compounds without carbon are generally classified as inorganic Nutrients: • Carbohydrates (CHO's) A) General/Functions: • Provide fast energy • Body unable to create, therefore generally the largest component of the diet

  4. If not used – turned into fat • Comes primarily from plants: rice, potatoes, fruits, veggies. B) Structure • Made of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) • Can be single sugars or polymers of many sugar units

  5. Single sugars : monosaccharides • Structure • One single molecule • C:H:O ratio generally 1:2:1 Ex: hexose sugars: C6H12O6 C) Types: generally end in “ose”

  6. Hexose sugars can be linear or ring structure b) types • Glucose • Most common • Primary energy source • Found in honey • Hexose: C6H12O6

  7. Fructose • From fruits • Sweeter than glucose • Hexose: C6H12O6 • Galactose • Hexose: C6H12O6 • Part of lactose glucose and fructose are isomers of each other, meaning that their chemical formula is the same, but their structures are different (fig 22.11)

  8. Disaccharides: two monosaccharides linked together • Sucrose • Glucose + fructose • Common table sugar • From sugar cane and sugar beets • Maltose • Glucose + glucose • Seeds (from malt barley for malt for beer) 2) Complex sugars

  9. Lactose • Glucose + galactose • Found in milk *** disaccharides form by a process called: dehydration synthesis means to: remove water to create therefore in a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is always a product C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 --> C12H22O11 + H2O

  10. Polysaccharides: chains formed of monosaccharide units • Starch: plant polysaccharide made of multiple glucose units • Amylose: • Up to 1000 glucose units • C1 linked to C4 of adjacent glucose molecules • Helical or coiled shape

  11. 2. Amylopectin: • 1000 to 6000 units • Short branching chains of 24 – 36 glucose units extending fro the main chain

  12. Part of plant cell walls • Many glucose units but linked differently from starch • Hydrogen bonds between layers (see fig 22.15) • Layers, not coils • Cannot be digested by humans • Called fibre or roughage • Water held by cellulose aids in elimination of waste Cellulose:

  13. CHO stored in animals • Structure similar to amylopectin but branching chains are 16 – 24 units • Also more highly branched • Excess sugars in blood combined to form glycogen • Stored in liver and muscles • Decreased blood sugar results in glycogen being converted to glucose (picture goes here...with all the branches and whatnot) Glycogen

  14. Monomers bond together to form a polymer (synthesis), with the removal of a water molecule (dehydration) Dehydration Synthesis

  15. Splitting a polymer (lysis) by the addition of a water molecule (hydro) • Digestion consists of hydrolysis reactions Hydrolysis

  16. Amino acids become proteins • Monosaccharides become Polysaccharides • Fatty acids become Lipids • Nucleotides become Nucleic acids (building blocks of DNA) Through dehydration...

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