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Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry

Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry: The study of the compounds of carbon. Organic compounds are made up of carbon and only a few other elements. Chief among these are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry

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  1. Chapter 10Organic Chemistry

  2. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: The study of the compounds of carbon. • Organic compounds are made up of carbon and only a few other elements. • Chief among these are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Also present in some organic compounds are sulfur, phosphorus, and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

  3. Organic Chemistry Why is organic chemistry a separate discipline within chemistry? Historical: Scientists at one time believed that a “vital force” present in living organisms was necessary to produce an organic compound. • The experiment of Wöhler in 1828 was the first in a series of experiments that led to the demise of the vital force theory.

  4. Organic Chemistry The sheer number of organic compounds • Chemists have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year. • By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds. • Thus, approximately 85% of all known compounds are organic. The link to biochemistry • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones, vitamins, and almost all other chemicals in living systems are organic compounds.

  5. Organic Chemistry A comparison of organic and inorganic compounds

  6. Organic Structure Structural formula: Shows the atoms present in a molecule as well as the bonds that connect them. VSEPR model: The most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

  7. Organic Structure Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds: • Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons. • Hydrogen forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons. • Nitrogen normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons. • Oxygen normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons. • Halogen normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

  8. Functional Groups Functional group: An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties. Functional groups are important because • They undergo the same types of chemical reactions no matter in what organic molecule they are found. • To a large measure, they determine the chemical and physical properties of a molecule. • They are the units by which we divide organic compounds into families. • They provide the basis on which we derive names for organic compounds.

  9. Functional Groups

  10. Alcohols Alcohol: Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom. For example, ethanol: • An alcohol may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

  11. Alcohols Problem: Draw Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas for the two alcohols with the molecular formula C3H8O.

  12. Alcohols Problem: Draw Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas for the two alcohols with the molecular formula C3H8O. Solution:

  13. Amines Amine: A compound containing an amino group (-NH2, RNH2, R2NH, R3N). • The amino group may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

  14. Amines Problem: Draw condensed structural formulas for the two primary amines with the molecular formula C3H9N.

  15. Amines Problem: Draw condensed structural formulas for the two primary amines with the molecular formula C3H9N. Solution:

  16. Aldehydes and Ketones Each contains a C=O (carbonyl) group. • Aldehyde: Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens. • Ketone: Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

  17. Aldehydes and Ketones Problem:Draw condensed structural formulas for the two aldehydes with the molecular formula C4H8O.

  18. Aldehydes and Ketones Problem:Draw condensed structural formulas for the two aldehydes with the molecular formula C4H8O. Solution: • First draw the functional group of an aldehyde and add the remaining three carbons; these may be bonded in two ways. • Then add the seven hydrogens necessary to complete the four bonds of each carbon.

  19. Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acid: A compound containing a -COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl) group. • In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also be written -CO2H.

  20. Carboxylic Acids Problem:Draw a condensed structural formula for the single carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O2.

  21. Carboxylic Acids Problem:Draw a condensed structural formula for the single carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O2 Solution: The only way the carbon atoms can be written is three in a chain; the -COOH group must be on an end carbon of the chain.

  22. Carboxylic Ester Carboxylic ester: A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group.

  23. Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry End Chapter 10

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