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What you should have learned in Soc 325 (if you had been paying attention)

What you should have learned in Soc 325 (if you had been paying attention). Paul Lasley Jolene Glenn Tomoko Ogawa. Agriculture vs Agri CULTURE. One can not understand agriculture and farming without understanding the HISTORICAL content and basis of agriculture development

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What you should have learned in Soc 325 (if you had been paying attention)

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  1. What you should have learned in Soc 325 (if you had been paying attention) Paul Lasley Jolene Glenn Tomoko Ogawa

  2. Agriculture vs Agri CULTURE • One can not understand agriculture and farming without understanding the HISTORICAL content and basis of agriculture development • One will not be able to successfully farm in the future without attention to the CULTURAL basis of farming and rural life

  3. What do we mean by Cultural Basis of Farming • The human dimension of producers, consumers and other stakeholders • Values and goals • Attitudes • Opinions • Lifestyle • World view • Recognition of differences among stakeholders—Who are they and what are their expectations?

  4. Course is presented in 3 periods • Historical—1607-1945 • Current period 1945-2000 • The Future 2000 and beyond

  5. Agriculture vs Farming • They are not synonymous • Three sectors of agriculture • Input or supply • Farm sector • Output or processing

  6. What is a family farm and how does it differ from other types of farms? • Land ownership • Labor • Capital • Management • Residency • Dependency

  7. Important values associated with farming • Provided impetus for the great American experiment in agrarian democracy • Competition • Opportunity • Way of life vs. business orientation • Family • Hard work is virtuous • Independence • Work with nature

  8. Twin Pillars of Rural Culture Structure ofAgriculture RuralCommunities

  9. StructureofAgriculture RuralCulture Consumer Preferences Export Policies Global Competiveness Environmental Community Foreign Defense Monetary Policies

  10. Million “Official” Definition FARM -- according to U.S. Census of Agriculture is any unit that has agricultural sales of $1,000 or more per year 6.8 1.9 1920 2002

  11. Number of Iowa Farms Thousands 250 211 208 206 190 200 154 150 124 115 97 100 50 0 1920 1930 1940 1954 1964 1974 1982 1992 Agricultural Census Data

  12. Percent Farm Population, 1940–1990 Percent 50 40 36 30 30 25 24 20 18 20 14 13 10 9 10 5 2 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 U.S. Iowa

  13. Population Residency Urban Population Rural Non-farm population Farm Population 70% 40% 20% 2% 1880 1980

  14. Population Residency Urban PopulationFarm Population 100 % 95 % 50 % 5 % 1790 1860 1920 1980

  15. Many decisions made in the Colonial Period Shaped the Future of Agriculture and Rural Life after Independence • Colonial Period 1607-1775 • What were some of those important events? • Goal was to “get rich”, investors • Theocracy—religious freedom-Protestant work ethic was imported • Ability or opportunity to get ahead • Labor scarcity contributed to large families, indentured servants and slavery--1619

  16. Early Colonial Experience • Export agriculture • Triangulation and mercantilism • Regional specialization • Exploitive, subsistence agriculture • Navigation Acts Colonial unrest War of Independence

  17. The early days of the nation • Land Acquisition 380 million acres • Land Disposal • Jefferson vs. Hamilton • Liberalization of land disposalHomestead Act 1862 • Land measurement • Role of land speculators and squatters

  18. Land Use • Abolished remnants of feudal pattern • Private ownership of land • How land was used • Sold to raise capital for the gov’t • Incentive to enlistment in army • Used to support local schools • Financed Land Grant Universities

  19. Early and Persistent Issues • Indian removal • Slavery (Missouri Compromise) • Access to markets • Infrastructure • Credit

  20. Population Growth • 1860 one-half of the adult males were foreign born • Immigration doors kept open • Labor for industrialization • Abolishing slaverydrive to mechanization

  21. Technological Advance • Mold board plow 1837 • Mechanical reaper • Corn planter • Grain drill • Steam engine- gasoline powered tractors

  22. Impacts of Technology • Reduced the demand for labor • Increased productivity • Farm size could expand • Developed of farm machinery sector • Increased capitalization • Reliance upon purchased inputs • Specialization in farming

  23. Late Pioneer Period • Need for education became apparent • Land Grant Universities • Morrill Act 1862 • Hatch Act 1867 • Smith Lever Act 1914 • Agricultural Societies • Local Fairs

  24. The Last Frontier • 1860 land west of the line from St Paul to Fort Worth was largely unsettled • 1860-1900 • 500 million acres were disposed of • 80 million Homestead Act • 108 million through auctions • 300 million as grants to the railroads

  25. Period of Great Farm Building 1860 -- 407 million acres in farms 1900 -- 839 million acres in farms Fa r ms 5.5 million 1.9 million 1900 1860

  26. Following the Civil War Agriculture enters into a recession that lasts until 1900 between 1870 - 1880 population increased 26% production rose 53%

  27. Hard Times &The Agrarian Revolt meeting high land prices with declining gross incomes seeking out reasons for tough times on the farms railroad rates, agribusiness overproduction plight in newly settled western states

  28. Farmers’ Response to Tough Economic Times Organize and act collectively Grange (Patrons of Husbandry) regulate railroad Farmers Alliance cooperatives Populist Movement - William Jennings Bryan Farm Bureau—1911 Farmers Holiday Movement--1932 Turn to government for assistance USDA - created in 1862 US Army - distributed rations to western settlers

  29. Post Civil War Recession farmers sought relief by urging government to... curb the power of monopolists create a flexible and liberal monetary system reform the tax system

  30. Post Civil WarRecession/Depression creates recognition for the need to address poverty in rural America need for modernization requires technology & science & education sets the stage for modernization & development technology education Reform business orientation Movement cooperation

  31. The BIG Picture 1897 - 1920 Prosperity 1920 - 1933 Depression

  32. Important Trends • Urbanization • Mechanization • Reliance upon purchased inputs • Economic instability

  33. Important Iowans • Milo Reno • Tama Jim Wilson • Henry Wallace • Herbert Hoover • George Washington Carver • Charles Hart and Charles Parr • Orlan Staley • Tom Vilsack

  34. Important Dates • 1607 founding of Jamestown • July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence • 1862 • USDA, Morrill Act, Homestead Act • 1908 Country Life Commission • 1910-1914 Golden Age of Agriculture

  35. 1897 – 1933 The Beginning of Scientific Agriculture 3 Essential Components 1) The discovery of scientific relationships 2) The development of new technologies based upon these scientific relationships 3) The adoption of new technologies on farms

  36. The Ups and Downs of the Farm Economy 1865 Civil War ends 1897 1918 WWI 1920 1940-1945 WWII 1929-1932 Great Depression

  37. The Technology Revolution1933 - 1970 Great Depression 1929 - 1932 organized sought government intervention adopted new technologies

  38. Technological Revolutions 1) Mechanical 1890 - 1940 2) Petro-chemical 1945 - 1980 3) Bio-genetic 1980 4) Managerial 1980

  39. Four Revolutions in Farming 1. Mechanical 1890-1940 Machine Age/Mechanization Replacing animals and labor with machines Fig. 3

  40. Four Revolutions in Farming 2. Petro-Chemical (1950-1980) Energy intensification, fertilizers,pesticides, reliance upon fossil fuels Genetic improvements Hybrids Vaccines Fig. 4

  41. Four Revolutions in Farming 3. Bio-Genetic (1980 ) Recombinant DNA—New species and varieties Herbicide tolerant crops BST, BGH Hybrids-Designer commodities New Uses of existing products Biological control of diseases and pathogens 2004—200 million acres of genetically engineered crops, up 20% from 2003 Fig. 5

  42. Four Revolutions in Farming 4. Managerial Revolution Information Age Managing complex, integrated systems Globalization Importance of human resources Personnel Management Marketing R &D Communications Fig. 6

  43. Millions of Farms 6.8 2.0 1865 1920 1992 Period of Great Farm Building essential factors land credit technology markets transportation physical infrastructure social infrastructure Period of Great Farm Decline

  44. Bio-genetic & Managerial Industrial Petro-chemical

  45. Labor Declines 1940 - 50 26% 1950 - 60 35% 1960 - 70 39% Purchased Inputs (% increase from 1933 - 70) Machinery 212% Chemicals 1800% Feed/Seed 270%

  46. WWII -- “the miracle that farm people were waiting for” (Cochrane p. 124) Impacts of WWII 1940 - 46 farm prices up 138% gross farm income up 167% net income up 236% • 12 years of prosperity • massive rural to urban migration • farm population down 35% in 14 years (1939 - 53) • women entered the off-farm work force

  47. Trends in the structure of agriculture Farm consolidation Larger farms Decline in farm numbers Specialization in production Movement from general farms to very specialized farm types Fig. 1

  48. Consequences Loss of farm population (out migration) Rural neighborhoods vacant during the day, owing to larger numbers of part-time farms Aging of farm population Fewer opportunities for beginning farmers Technology enables farmers to continue farming longer Increase in rural nonfarm residences and land speculators and investors Fig. 3

  49. Consequences Vulnerabilities of specialization Less labor needed More capitalization of existing farms Increased efficiencies resulting in chronic surpluses of feedstocks Government program costs to support farm incomehigher land values Fig. 2

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