Chapter Summary

1. Chapter Summary Section 1: Migrating to the West A series of trails were established along which thousands of settlers traveled west. The Oregon and Santa Fe Trails were popular routes. The Mormons followed Brigham Young to Utah in 1847. All of the trails included dangers and difficulties.

2. Section 1: Migrating to the West Terms and People • Junipero Serra – Franciscan priest who set up a series of missions along the California coast • expansionist– American who favored territorial growth • Manifest Destiny– belief that God wanted the United States to own all of North America • Santa Fe Trail – wagon trail trade route between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico

3. Section 1: Migrating to the West Terms and People(continued) • Mountain Men– American hunters and trappers who blazed trails into the Rockies in the early 1800s • Oregon Trail–trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the mid-1800s • Brigham Young – Mormon leader who brought his religious group to Utah in 1847 • Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 treaty that restricted the Plains Indians to territories away from the overland wagon routes

4. Section 1: Migrating to the West What were the causes of westward migration? By the 1840s, American migrants were crossing into Oregon and California seeking economic opportunity. Soon, these and other western lands became part of the United States, helping the nation grow in both wealth and power.

5. Chapter Summary Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War Texas gained independence from Mexico and was annexed by the U.S. A dispute over the southern border of Texas led to war with Mexico, which resulted in the forced sale of a large territory to the United States.

6. Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War Terms and People • Stephen Austin – leader of American emigrants who settled in Austin, Texas • Antonio López de Santa Anna– charismatic general who seized power of Mexico in 1834 • autonomy– independent control over one’s affairs • Lone Star Republic – new nation created by Texans in 1835 • Alamo – Texas garrison where Santa Anna executed all the defenders following battle in 1836

7. Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War Terms and People(continued) • Sam Houston– Texas army commander, President, territorial governor, and later senator • James K. Polk– Southern Democrat and expansionist elected President in 1844 • Zachary Taylor – general who led troops at the borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846 • Winfield Scott– general who invaded Mexico winning at Vera Cruz in 1847

8. Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War How did the revolution in Texas lead to war with Mexico? American expansionists sought new territory in the South and West, making conflict with Mexico seem inevitable. The flashpoint for conflict became Texas. The resulting war vastly increased the size of the United States.

9. Chapter Summary Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion As a result of the Gold Rush, thousands flocked to California. Overnight, San Francisco grew into a city. California soon sought admission into the Union, raising the issue of the spread of slavery into the new territories.

10. Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion Terms and People • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement formally ending the Mexican–American War, included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S. • Gadsden Purchase– 1853 sale of Mexican territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S. • Wilmot Proviso– proposed law that would have banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico • California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold seekers into California in 1848 and 1849

11. Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion Terms and People(continued) • forty-niners – those attracted to California by the Gold Rush in 1849 • placer mining– use of metal pans, picks, and shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers • hydraulic mining– use of jets of water that erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold

12. Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion What were the effects of the Mexican–American War and the California Gold Rush? The quick victory in the Mexican–American War and gold in California fed into the expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny. The war also highlighted growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for future conflict.

13. Many Americans accept the idea of Manifest Destiny. Abundance of fertile land attracts people. Gold is discovered in California. Cause and Effect Westward Movement • Government initiates Indian removal treaties. • Britain and US divide Oregon Territory. • US annexes Texas. • Victory in war with Mexico leads to acquisition of southwestern territories. • US makes Gadsden Purchase, the last part of the continental US.

15. Hip Hop History Manifest Destiny (1800–1850) Verse: Migrating out west they’d leave, expansionists would lead Using the term Manifest Destiny In New Mexico trade and sale Took place on the Santa Fe Trail To Texas, Americans crossed in This group of emigrants was led by Stephen F. Austin Texans rebelled against the Mexican government And became a new nation called the Lone Star Republic Santa Anna attacked near San Antonio A fortified former mission called the Alamo After Mexico “shed American blood upon the American soil” The U.S. swept to victory with a two-year toil The nation had new territories to call home Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The California Gold Rush attracted miners They went by the nickname forty-niners Chorus: Expansion, America’s expanded Moving out west, west to new lands and Along with the good, many problems were handed America from the Pacific to Atlantic