The Muslim World

1. The Muslim World Pgs 231 - 249 World Religions Comparison Pg 264

2. The Rise of Islam • Mecca, a city located along trade routes in Arabia was host to believers in Allah • Those who followed the one God were referred to as hanifs. • In 570 A.D. Muhammad was born. • A trader and business man from a powerful Meccan family • Muhammad is believed to have been approached by the Angel Gabriel • Believed he was the last prophet of Allah • Those who followed Muhammad were called Muslims. • In Arabic the word Islam means “submission to the will of Allah”

3. Abraham’s Genealogy HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

4. The Prophetic Tradition Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

5. The rise of Islam cont… • Mulsim - “One who has submitted” • Muhammad was met with resistance by many, some of his followers were even beaten or stoned • Muhammad and his followers left Mecca. This migration was called the Hijrah(hih-jee-ruh). • Finally settling in Medina, many followers were attracted to Islam. • Muhammad eventually became a political and military leader in Medina for Muslims, Jews, and Arabs

6. Return to Mecca • Hostilities between Mecca and Medina grew over the years. • In 630 A.D. Muhammad and 10,000 of his followers marched to Mecca. • Facing sure defeat, the Meccan leaders surrendered. • Muhammad entered the city and destroyed the statues of the Arab gods • Muhammad converted the Meccans to Islam • The Muslim religious community is called umma • Muhammad died at the age of 62, two years after his return to Mecca

7. Images of Islam

8. Islamic Beliefs • The Qur’an is the holy book of the Muslims • The five pillars are duties required by anyone who wishes to be a Muslim • Faith - Testify to the belief on the one god Allah • Prayer - Five times a day, Muslims must face towards Mecca, in a Mosque or where they are at the time • Alms - Give money to the poor • Fasting - The holy month of Ramadan, they can eat and drink nothing between sunset and sundown • Pilgrimage - all Muslims must perform the hajj or a pilgrimage to Mecca.

10. The Hajj

11. The Qur’an • Muslims believe it contains the word of God. • 114 suras (chapters). • In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. • Written in Arabic.

12. Links to Judaism and Christianity • Allah is the same God worshipped by the Jews and Christians • Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not the Son of God • All believe in a day of judgment • Muslims trace their ancestry to Abraham • Muslim leaders extend tolerance to Christians and Jews because of their similar beliefs • Muslims, Jews, and Christians believe Jerusalem is a Holy city

13. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

14. The Spread of Islam • Muhammad’s successors or deputies, called caliphs, continued teaching the message of Islam • At times the caliphs used military force to assert control over the Muslim community • The caliphs were able to expand the Muslim Empire from the Atlantic ocean to the Indus Valley • The early caliphs took advantage of the weakness of the Persian and Byzantine empires • The Qur’an prohibits force conversion • Islamic leaders allowed Christians and Jews to practice their beliefs but they could not spread their beliefs.

15. Islam in Crisis • Civil war erupted after the death of a popular leader • With the death, the process of electing caliphs ended • The new leadership moved the capital to Damascus(Syria) to make expansion easier • In addition to the move the new leaders moved away from the simple life of the caliphs and surrounded themselves with luxury • A fundamental split occurred

16. Sunni Meaning “followers of Muhammad’s example” Followed the new leadership A majority of the people accepted the new rulers, to maintain peace Shi’a Meaning “party” of Ali(Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law) Resisted the new leaderships rule. Believed the caliph needed to be a relative of the prophet Muhammad Another group, the Sufi, pursued a life of poverty in response to the luxury of the Sunni leadership. The Sunni - Shi’a Split

17. Sunni/Shia Split

18. Muslims Spread to Three Continents • Under the leadership of various leaders the Muslims spread as far North as France and south into southern Africa. • A large Muslim settlement was established by the Berbers in Spain. • Lead by Jabal Tariq • He was so revered they named the Rock of Gibraltar after him. • Corodoba, in Spain became a center for the spread of Islam in Europe • 70 libraries, 700 mosques, 27 free schools • Population of 500,000 • All religions were welcome in Corodoba

19. The Muslim Empire

20. Muslim Society • Throughout the Muslim Empire urban centers flourished. • Baghdad, a Muslim capital, flourished • There are four social classes • The upper class - Muslims by birth • Second class - converts to Islam(paid a higher taxes) • Third class - “The Protected People” - Jews and Christians, also Zoroastrians • The Lowest Class - Slaves, all non-muslim, many were household workers or soldiers.

21. Muslim Society cont… • The Role of Women • The Qur’an states that men will manage a women’s affair • An obedient women is a righteous women • Muslim women had more rights than European women. • Responsibilities varied based on the income of the husbands. • Women raised the children • In early Muslim society women participated in religious activities and were encouraged to get an education

22. Advances in Arts and Sciences • Many advances in medicine, mathematics, and astronomy are credited to the Muslim world • Understanding of smallpox and measles • Proper location for hospitals • Muslims scholars charted stars, comets, and planets • Many artists began the art of calligraphy, due to the banning of drawing images

23. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

24. World Religions