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The Second Age: Evolution of Tools and Technology

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  1. THE SECOND AGE The Farmer, The Smith, The Wheel

  2. Farmer, Smith, Wheel • Social influences of copper and iron • The Common ground • The wheel • Glass • Gearing • Early machines in Egypt • Greece & Rome • The Dark ages

  3. Introduction • Nomadic hunter to agricultural villager • End of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC) • Wild wheat and goat grass • Wheat, barley, & millet was harvested • Villages grew to cities • reed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brick • Animals were domesticated • Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)

  4. Cause Copper and Bronze were expensive Skill Craftsman Metals were used for ornaments Society was a hierarchy Ironmaking & forging was complex Iron was inexpensive Effect Metal tools expensive Farmers used wood, stone, & bone tools Elitist Society Small agricultural surpluses Democratic metal IRON AGE Social Influences of Copper & Iron

  5. The Common Ground • Metallurgy became the common ground • Society needed food • Farming community needed tools • Metal workers became skilled craftsmen • Mining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron) • Construction of Furnaces & Crucibles • Bellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hides • Transportation (wheel !) industry grew

  6. Plough • Not possible in Copper age • Improvement of hoe for tilling • Caschrom - lightweight man-plough • Animal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)

  7. Egyptian Hand Digging Instrument (1500 BC)

  8. Tools From Early Metallurgy • Plough • Copper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC) • Iron nails used in ships • Woodscrews (Roman, 400 AD) • Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)

  9. The Wheel • Used for transporting heavy loads • Evolved from potters wheel • First was stone ? • Solid wood • Spoked • Axle - Egyptian war chariot

  10. Transporting Heavy Loads

  11. Stretcher

  12. Sledge

  13. Ur (3,500 BC)

  14. Mercurago

  15. Mercurago

  16. Egyptian (1500 BC)

  17. Assyrian (700 BC)

  18. Greek (400 BC)

  19. Etruscan (400 BC)

  20. Roman (300 BC)

  21. Etruscan (300 BC)

  22. Plaustrum (200 BC)

  23. Roman (100 AD)

  24. Leonardo

  25. Pneumatic Studded (1907)

  26. Gearing • Purposes • Friction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC) • Materials • Wood - large units transmitting power • bronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomy • Lanthorne & trundle • Helical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)

  27. Early Machines in Egypt • Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD) • Lever (3000 BC) • Wheel & Axle (3000 BC) • Wedge (3000 BC) • Pulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramids • Screw

  28. Chinese • Cast iron (350 BC) • 13 centuries before the west • Double-acting box bellows • Steel (100 BC) • Papermaking (100 AD) • Gunpowder • Little technology transfer to west despite “Silk Road”

  29. Greece • Heavily dependent on slaves • Great builders • Architecture • Scientists instead of technologists • Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy • Not great inventors • Archimedes • Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill) • 0.5 horsepower

  30. Architecture - Parthenon

  31. Horizontal Waterwheel

  32. Roman • Heavily dependent on slaves • Vertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD) • 3.0 horsepower • Bridges & roads • Aqueducts • Water usage • 270 liters per person per day • Lead pipes • Fall of Roman empire

  33. Vertical Waterwheel

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