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Biology. The study of life. Biology is the study of life!. All living things share the characteristics of life!. Biology covers a wide range of topics and research areas! It is diverse!. Science comes from Latin for “to know”
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Biology The study of life
Biology is the study of life! • All living things share the characteristics of life!
Biology covers a wide range of topics and research areas! It is diverse!
Science comes from Latin for “to know” • Biology requires great observational skills in order “to know” or find out things!
Types of observations • Qualitative and Quantitative • What is the difference? • Qualitative means describing something such as its color, shape or texture= Quality • Quantitative means using measurements such as its height, mass or volume.= Quantity
Biology uses scientific Inquiry to investigate the real world.
Biologists study the diversity of life • Research disease • Develop technology • Improve agriculture • And help preserve the environment
Characteristics of Living Things • Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life, or once had them, is known as an organism.
Characteristics of Living Things All living things: • have an orderly structure • produce offspring • grow and develop • adjust to changes in the environment
Living things share the same 8 characteristics • Made up of one or more Cells • organization, • growth and development • Reproduction • response to stimuli • Requires energy/ metabolism • Homeostasis • Adaptations evolve over time
Living Things are made up of one or more cells! • The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life! • That means you can’t be smaller than a cell and still be alive!!! • All living things are made up of cells. • Some are only one cell and some are billions!
Living things are organized • When biologists search for signs of life, one of the first things they look for is structure • Whether an organism is made up of one cell or billions of cells, all of its parts function together in an orderly, living system. • A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.
Living things change during their lives • Growth results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures. Increase in mass • All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism are known as its development. Different abilities result from development.
Living things make more living things • One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring. • This maintains the species so extinction does not occur!
Living things adjust to their surroundings- Respond to Stimuli • Organisms live in a constant interface with their surroundings, or environment, which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area, and many other factors. • Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus. • A reaction to a stimulus is a response.
Living Things Require Energy!!! • Energy is required for all living processes! • It helps maintain the organization! • Many organisms take in food while others make their own this is called their metabolism!
Living things adjust to their surroundings • Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival is called homeostasis.
Living things adapt and evolve • Any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation. • Adaptations are inherited from previous generations. These are not acquired during the organism’s lifetime but inherited! • The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution.
Three Domains of Life • The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
All living things have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow and develop, and adjust to changes in the environment. Sometimes nonliving things have one or more of these characteristics, but unless something has all of them it is not considered to be a living thing.
These plants are called Lithops from the Greek lithos, meaning “stone.” Although they don’t appear to be so, Lithops are just as alive as elephants. Both species possess all of the characteristics of life.
Homeostasis Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival. An example is the adjustment an organism makes in the amount of water in its cells; without the ability to make such adjustments, organisms die.
adaptation A structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to reproduce is an adaptation. Evolution is the gradual change of a species over time and occurs through adaptations.
Section 2 • The Nature of Science • To be science things must be testable! • Can you test the meaning of life? • The reason a dog sleeps on its back? • If one painting is better than another?
Section 2 • Vocabulary : • Science, theory, law, peer review, ethics.
science • Knowledge based on the study of the natural world! • This knowledge is obtained using scientific methods and inquiry to develop explanations of how things work. It is a very creative process and requires a very unbiased mind!
SCIENTIST • When you think of a scientist, what words come to mind?
DOES THE WORD CREATIVE COME UP? • WELL, IT SHOULD!!!! • Observant is another that is very important!
Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming stumbled upon the antibiotic partly by accident in 1928. During routine research he noticed a mould called penicillium had developed on a plate, killing bacteria he was growing nearby. He named the antibacterial substance penicillin. But it was another 12 years before the drug's properties were investigated further. Photo credit: National Media Museum/SSPL
Pseudoscience • False • Science • uses some science and some things that are not testable! • Astrology for example. • Claims that are untested by scientific methods are pseudo science.
theory • A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations. • It is NOT just a prediction or a guess about how something might work!!!
Law • Laws explain relationships under specific conditions in nature. These usually can be tested or observed whereas theories explain much larger amounts of information and cannot be observed or “seen” even if we can support them with evidence we can never “prove” them. • Laws do not become theories and theories do not become laws!
Laws • Newton's law of universal gravitation (Sir I. Newton) Two bodies attract each other with equal and opposite forces; the magnitude of this force is proportional to the product of the two masses and is also proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the centers of mass of the two bodies; mathematically, F = (G m M/r2) e, • thermodynamic laws • First law of thermodynamics • The change in internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat transferred to or from the system and the work done on or by the system. • Second law of thermodynamics • The entropy -- a measure of the unavailability of a system's energy to do useful work -- of a closed system tends to increase with time.
Experimental design video • http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/experimental-design-in-science-definition-method.html
Science is always changing! • As new information is observed we make changes to our theories this is what makes science so dynamic and interesting. • Scientists welcome debate about theories! • Scientists question observations that do not fit with what they already have seen.
Peer Review • Before publishing work it is checked and rechecked by other scientists to make sure the work is valid and reliable. This is called peer review. • Other scientists can review the work that is published and continue to evaluate its credibility.
Journals that have peer review are the most reliable sources for scientific information.
Why is scientific literacy important? • Today there is much information about medical and environmental issues in the news that have a strong scientific basis. It is important to be able to understand the issues and make the correct choices about them.
Ethics • Moral principles and values. • There are several scientific issues that evoke strong ethical issues. • They include: • Stem cell use, genetic engineering, euthanasia and cryonics. • Even conducting proper scientific methods requires ethics!
Ethics are a system of moral values or principles of right conduct. The knowledge gained through scientific research is not good or bad, but some applications of scientific knowledge may be considered unacceptable to some people. It is the responsibility of society as a whole to determine the ethical use of scientific discoveries.
