Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815-1840 MAIN IDEAS:

1. Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815-1840 MAIN IDEAS: Changes in manufacturing launch an Industrial Revolution. Slavery and other issues divide the North and South. Andrew Jackson has popular appeal but uproots many Native Americans

2. New England Industrializes • Samuel Slater built the first thread factory in Pawtucket, RI (1793). • Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson mechanized all stages of cloth making (1813). • By the late 1820s, Lowell (Ma) was a booming manufacturing center. • Thousands, especially young women, left family farms to work in Lowell, MA.

3. Samuel Slater (1768 – 1835) popularly called "The Father of the American Industrial Revolution"

4. "Lowell Mill Girls" was the name used for female textile workers in Lowell, Massachusetts in the 19th century. • The Lowell textile mills employed a workforce which was about three quarters female; this characteristic (unique at the time) caused two social effects: a close examination of the women's moral behavior, and a form of labor agitation. • The Lowell female textile workers wrote and published several literary magazines, including the Lowell Offering, which featured essays, poetry and fiction written by female textile workers. They also actively participated in early labor reform through legislative petitions, forming labor organizations, contributing essays and articles to a pro-labor newspaper the Voice of Industry and protesting through "turn-outs" or strikes.

5. Replica of the James Watt Steam Engine Replica of Spinning-Mule Invented by Samuel Crompton Replica of Spinning-Jenny

6. Two Economic Systems Develop: Agriculture in the North vs. South • Cash crops did not grow well in Northern soil and climate, so farms in the North were smaller than those in the South. • In the Old Northwest, farmers raised 1 or 2 types of crops and livestock. Northwest Territory Law excluded slavery • They sold farm products in the city and bought other necessary items. • Grains did not need much labor or yield great profit, so slaves were not needed. • Northern slavery died out by the late 1700s and most states abolished slavery by 1804.

8. Changes in Manufacturing: • By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneered the use of interchangeable parts for muskets. • Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products. • Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different specialized tasks. • Mass production is production of goods in large quantities. • Industrial Revolution includes social and economic reorganization: • Machines replace hand tools • Large-scale factory production develops • Result of manufacturing changes

9. “Cotton is King” in the South • Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allowed farmers to grow cotton for more profit. • Great demand for cotton in Britain and a growing demand in the North led to more cotton production. • Poor non-slaveholding farmers moved westward to cultivate cotton. • Plantation systems developed in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.

10. Eli Whitney Cotton Gin Interchangeable Parts

12. Slavery Becomes Entrenched • Cotton was hugely profitable by the 1820s and the demand for slavery greatly increased. • Increase in cotton production paralleled to the increase in slave population.

13. House Speaker, Henry Clay, promoted the American System plan to improve the nation’s infrastructure: • North produces manufactured goods • South and Southwest produces cotton • National currency • Stable transportation to facilitate trade • All regions help sustain others to make the U.S. economically independent.

14. Clay argued that the West, which opposed the tariff, should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods. In Clay’s view, the South (which also opposed high tariffs) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South was never really on board with the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports. • Clay first used the term “American System” in 1824, although he had been working for its specifics for many years previously.

15. The Erie Canal and other Improvements: • Railroads were not yet in common use; first steam engine built in 1825. • Many states built turnpikes and used toll roads to pay for them. • The federal gov’t funded highways to connect different regions. • In 1838, the National Road extended from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL.

16. The Erie Canal and other Improvements: • The Erie Canal linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie (Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes) • Other states built over 3000 miles of canals by 1837. • The Erie Canal led to the rise of NYC as a major industrial center. • Both the National Road and the Erie Canal built up the nation’s infrastructure (internal improvements).

17. National Road Diagrams

18. THE ERIE CANAL

20. Tariffs and the National Bank • Madison proposed the Tariff of 1816 on imports: • Increases cost of foreign goods • People more likely to buy American • Helps pay for improvements

21. James Monroe 5th President 1817-1825 James Madison 4th President 1809-1817

22. Northeast welcomed the tariff, but the South and West resented higher prices. • Clay and Calhoun persuaded Congressmen from the South and West to approve. • Most leaders agreed to the National Bank b/c a national currency would benefit all. • In 1816, Second Bank of the U.S. re-chartered for 20 years. • James Monroe was elected president (1816) and this began the “Era of Good Feelings”, a time of national pride and political unity.

23. Second Bank of the U.S. Built in 1816 A promissory note issued by the Second Bank of the United States, December 15, 1840, for the amount of $1,000.

24. Section 2Nationalism at Center Stage • Nationalism exerted a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion in the early 1800s.

25. Nationalism through the Supreme Court • John Marshall: Chief Justice appointed by John Adams (Federalist) • His rulings strengthened the National government over the power of the states (supremacy) • Marbury v Madison: established the SC as the only group that can interpret the legality of a law (judicial review). • Gibbons v Ogden: Case involving competing licenses for ferry boats. Ruling means that the federal government will control interstate trade

26. Court Cases (continued) • McCullough v. Maryland: “The power to tax is the power to destroy”. Ruling stops Maryland or any state from taxing the Bank of the United States. States cannot regulate or control federal institutions • Fletcher v Peck: The opinion written by John Marshall held that the sale of lands west of Georgia was a binding contract. The state law of Georgia was therefore unconstitutional. First time a state law had been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

27. Dartmouth College v Woodward: New Hampshire tried to take over Dartmouth College and make it a public school. The school sued over the contract clause in the Constitution and the Fletcher v Peck ruling. The school’s contract was upheld….limited a state’s ability to control business

28. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • Nationalism-nat’l interests come before regional or foreign concerns. • Sec of State John Quincy Adams was guided by nationalism when making decisions. (Ex. Makes treaties with England to define the borders of the Great Lakes and Canada) • Spain ceded FL to the U.S. in the Adams-Onis Treaty and gave up their claim to the Oregon Territory.

30. The Monroe Doctrine • Spain and Portugal tried to claim old colonies, and Russia created trading posts in CA. • President James Monroe issue the Monroe Doctrine (1823), which warned Europe not to interfere in the Americas. • And, the U.S. agreed not to interfere in European affairs.

31. Nationalism Pushes America West • Most settlers went west for land, economic opportunities, and better jobs. • The Missouri Compromise was created to preserve the balance b/t slave and free states. • Maine was admitted into the Union as a free state and Missouri was admitted as a slave state. • The compromise also divided the Louisiana Territory at the 36°30’ latitude line and slavery remained legal in the South.

34. Section 3The Age of Jackson • In 1824, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but not electoral vote. • John Quincy Adams was elected president by the House with Clay’s support. • Jacksonians claimed that Adams and Clay struck a corrupt bargain and those in the Democratic-Republican party block Adam’s policies.

35. John Quincy Adams 6th President 1825-1829 Former Sec of State Son of John Adams Andrew Jackson 7th President 1829-1837

36. By 1828, most states had eased voting qualifications and these new voters helped Jackson win the presidency. • Jackson claimed that he was of humble origins, though in reality he was quite wealthy. • He claimed that Adams was an “intellectual elitist” and won the election by a landslide. • As president, Jackson’s policies spoke for the common man, but violated Native American rights.

37. Jackson’s Spoils System • Jackson limited new appointees to federal jobs with four-year terms. • He used the spoils system by replacing former appointees with his own friends. • His friends became his primary advisers, called the “kitchen cabinet.”

38. Removal of Native Americans • As more white Americans moved westward, conflict w/ Native Americans continued. • Many troops were sent to try to keep settlers off of native lands. • Jackson believed the only way to end conflict w/ Native Americans was to move them off of their land. • He believed assimilation would not work and that troops were needed elsewhere.

39. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to fund treaties that forced Native Americans further west. • Jackson pressured some tribes to move and forcibly removed others. • In the case of Worcester v. Georgiathe court decided that a state cannot rule over the Cherokee or invade their lands. • Most Cherokee tried to fight against the gov’t in court, but some favored relocation. • Federal agents signed a treaty with this minority and relocation began.

40. By 1838, 20,000 Cherokee remained and President Martin van Buren ordered their removal. • The remaining Cherokee were sent west on the Trail of Tears-800 mile trip made on foot. • Cherokee were robbed by gov’t officials and outlaws along the way and thousands died.

42. Painting by Robert Lindneux "I would sooner be honestly damned than hypocritically immortalized.“ Davy CrockettHis political career destroyed because he supported the Cherokee, he left Washington D. C. and headed west to Texas.

43. Section 4States’ Rights and the National Bank • Throughout the 1820s the British tried to flood the U.S. with cheap goods. • The gov’t raised tariffs in 1824 & 1828. • VP John C. Calhoun called the 1828 tax, the “tariff of Abominations.” • He believed the South paid for the North’s prosperity and suffered b/c of low cotton prices. • Calhoun devised the nullification theory: • Questions legality of applying federal laws to states. • Constitution based on compact b/t states. • States can reject laws considered unconstitutional. • States have the right to leave the Union if denied.

44. John C. Calhoun Vice President Former Senator of SC, Sec of State, and Sec of War Martin van Buren 8th President 1837-1841

45. South Carolina decided to declare the 1828 & 1832 tariffs null and threatened to secede from the Union. • Congress passed the Force Bill to use the Army and Navy against SC. • Henry Clay proposed a tariff that would lower duties over a 10 year period and SC submitted.